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Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects about 1 million Americans, with 60,000 new cases each year. And in the three decades since Michael J. Fox’s diagnosis, Parkinson's has been the

fastest-​growing brain disease; only Alzheimer’s disease affects more people. ​Doctors describe Parkinson's as a neurodegenerative disorder. “Essentially, the brain cells are dying,”

says Michael Okun, M.D., national medical adviser for the Parkinson’s Foundation and the chair of neurology at University of Florida Health. Over time, neurons in the brain that control

movement and mood degenerate. That’s why both physical disability and depression are hallmarks of the disease.​ The causes of Parkinson’s are still a mystery, Okun says. About 15 percent of

people may have a genetic mutation that puts them at risk. Head injuries or exposure to certain environmental toxins may play a role, too. ​ The earliest signs of PD can include a decreased

sense of smell, recurring constipation and sleep problems. As the brain neurons degenerate, patients may develop gait and balance issues; about 70 to 80 percent also develop tremors.

Psychological symptoms include anxiety, cognitive changes (such as memory and attention deficits and impulse control) and sleep disorders. Although Parkinson’s is not considered a fatal

disease, it can raise one’s risk of life-threatening issues, such as falls and fractures, as well as pneumonia (Parkinson's patients are at risk for aspirating food, meaning it “goes

down the wrong pipe” and can lead to an infection in the lungs).​ For the bulk of our lifetimes, little progress was made in understanding and treating Parkinson's. But that’s changed

in recent years, thanks to an explosion of research funding. The Michael J. Fox Foundation has contributed more than $1 billion since its founding in 2000; the National Institutes of Health

(NIH) spent $242 million on Parkinson's in 2020 alone. “We have turned a corner,” says Haydeh Payami, a professor of neurology and genetics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham

School of Medicine. Read on to find out about some of the ​latest breakthroughs.​ HIGH-INTENSITY CARDIO ​In 2018, a clinical trial showed that high-intensity treadmill workouts three times a

week meaningfully slowed the progression of Parkinson’s over the course of six months. Now high-intensity exercise is recommended for patients, alongside strength training and posture and

balance exercises. “When you have the disease, you move more slowly, you have tremor, you are rigid, you have abnormal postural reflexes. Exercise helps all of those,” says Daniel Corcos, a

Northwestern University professor and a researcher with the trial. (Researchers are seeking PD patients to participate in a follow-up trial to discover what level of intensity is the most

effective. Learn more at sparx3pd.com.) ​ ​ PERSONALIZED GENETIC MEDICINE​ Research has boomed over the past decade as technological breakthroughs have made genetic-data generation and

analysis much easier. “My Ph.D. thesis took me three years to complete. You could probably do all that research in an afternoon now,” points out Andrew Singleton, an NIH neurogeneticist and

the recipient of the Fox Foundation’s 2019 Robert A. Pritzker Prize. Dozens of genetic misfires are now suspected of being involved in the development of Parkinson’s. ​You can find trials

for drugs that target genes at clinicaltrials.gov or through the Fox Foundation’s Fox Trial Finder. ​ ​ THE GUT MICROBIOME​ Michael J. Fox and his foundation’s cofounder, Deborah Brooks (to

his right), with science advisers. Courtesy Michael J. Fox Foundation Recent studies have found a possible link between Parkinson’s and an imbalance of bacteria in the digestive tract.

Specifically, Payami’s lab has discovered that two common ingredients in over-the-counter probiotics are overrepresented in the guts of people with PD. “I worry about people with PD who are

self-medicating with probiotics,” she says. Studies have also found that a nasty bacterium called _H. pylori_ can interfere with absorption of the primary Parkinson’s drug, levodopa. Testing

for _H. pylori_ can often be done in a doctor’s office. BIOMARKER DETECTION