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ABSTRACT THE applicability of the ionic hypothesis of excitation, more specifically the transient increase of sodium permeability during an action potential1, has not been extended to smooth

muscles in general. This is due largely to serious technical difficulties in impaling the small cells of smooth muscles, as shown by the comparatively low and widely variable values of

membrane potentials for smooth muscles. Direct tests of the effect of sodium deprivation on the action potential are therefore rather difficult to make. Additional confusion has been caused

by claims that action potentials persist in media containing very little sodium2 or no sodium at all3. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription

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PROTOTYPICAL VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNEL Article 16 November 2020 SODIUM IONS ALLOSTERICALLY MODULATE THE M2 MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR Article Open access 07 July 2020 VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM

CHANNELS IN EXCITABLE CELLS AS DRUG TARGETS Article 03 February 2025 REFERENCES * Hodgkin, A. L., _Proc. Roy. Soc._, B, 148, 1 (1958). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Holman, M., _J.

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Scholar  * Kao, C. Y., _Amer. J. Physiol._, 201, 714 (1961). PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Pharmacology, State

University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York C. Y. KAO & D. ZAKIM * Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York F. BRONNER Authors * C. Y. KAO View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * D. ZAKIM View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * F. BRONNER View

author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE KAO, C., ZAKIM, D. &

BRONNER, F. Sodium Influx and Excitation in Uterine Smooth Muscle. _Nature_ 192, 1189–1190 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1038/1921189a0 Download citation * Issue Date: 23 December 1961 * DOI:

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