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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The postprandial responses in (an)orexigenic hormones and feelings of hunger are characterized by large inter-individual differences. Food intake regulation was shown

earlier to be partly under genetic control. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether the postprandial responses in (an)orexigenic hormones and parameters of food intake regulation

are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding for satiety hormones and their receptors. DESIGN: Peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 and ghrelin levels,

as well as feelings of hunger and satiety, were determined pre- and postprandially in 62 women and 41 men (age 31±14 years; body mass index 25.0±3.1 kg/m2). Dietary restraint, disinhibition

and perceived hunger were determined using the three-factor eating questionnaire. SNPs were determined in the _GHRL_, _GHSR_, _LEP_, _LEPR_, _PYY_, _NPY_, _NPY2R_ and _CART_ genes. RESULTS:

The postprandial response in plasma ghrelin levels was associated with SNPs in _PYY_ (215G>C, _P_<0.01) and _LEPR_ (326A>G and 688A>G, _P_<0.01), and in plasma PYY levels with

SNPs in _GHRL_ (−501A>C, _P_<0.05) and _GHSR_ (477G>A, _P_<0.05). The postprandial response in feelings of hunger was characterized by an SNP–SNP interaction involving SNPs in

_LEPR_ and _NPY2R_ (668A>G and 585T>C, _P_<0.05). Dietary restraint and disinhibition were associated with an SNP in _GHSR_ (477G>A, _P_<0.05), and perceived hunger with SNPs

in _GHSR_ and _NPY_ (477G>A and 204T>C, _P_<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Part of the inter-individual variability in postprandial responses in (an)orexigenic hormones can be explained by

genetic variation. These postprandial responses represent either long-term physiological adaptations to facilitate homeostasis or reinforce direct genetic effects. Access through your

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Kristel Diepvens, Manuela Lejeune and Ananda Hochstenbach-Waelen for their contributions in acquiring the data on postprandial responses in (an)orexigenic hormones and feelings of hunger and

satiety. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands M den Hoed, A J P G Smeets, M A B Veldhorst, A G

Nieuwenhuizen, F G Bouwman, A G Heidema, E C M Mariman, M S Westerterp-Plantenga & K R Westerterp Authors * M den Hoed View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * A J P G Smeets View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M A B Veldhorst View author publications You can also search

for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * A G Nieuwenhuizen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * F G Bouwman View author publications You

can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * A G Heidema View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * E C M Mariman View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M S Westerterp-Plantenga View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * K R

Westerterp View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to M den Hoed. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and

permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE den Hoed, M., Smeets, A., Veldhorst, M. _et al._ SNP analyses of postprandial responses in (an)orexigenic hormones and feelings of hunger

reveal long-term physiological adaptations to facilitate homeostasis. _Int J Obes_ 32, 1790–1798 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.195 Download citation * Received: 28 May 2008 *

Revised: 08 September 2008 * Accepted: 09 September 2008 * Published: 28 October 2008 * Issue Date: December 2008 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.195 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you

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Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS * food intake regulation * gastrointestinal hormones * peptides * hypothalamus * nutrition