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ABSTRACT Obesity is globally prevalent and highly heritable, but its underlying genetic factors remain largely elusive. To identify genetic loci for obesity susceptibility, we examined

associations between body mass index and ∼2.8 million SNPs in up to 123,865 individuals with targeted follow up of 42 SNPs in up to 125,931 additional individuals. We confirmed 14 known

obesity susceptibility loci and identified 18 new loci associated with body mass index (_P_ < 5 × 10−8), one of which includes a copy number variant near _GPRC5B._ Some loci (at _MC4R_,

_POMC_, _SH2B1_ and _BDNF_) map near key hypothalamic regulators of energy balance, and one of these loci is near _GIPR_, an incretin receptor. Furthermore, genes in other newly associated

loci may provide new insights into human body weight regulation. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

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about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS THE GENETICS OF OBESITY: FROM DISCOVERY TO BIOLOGY Article 23 September

2021 MULTIVARIATE GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF 5 MILLION PEOPLE ELUCIDATES THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF SHARED COMPONENTS OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME Article Open access 30 September 2024 MISSENSE

VARIANTS IN _FRS3_ AFFECT BODY MASS INDEX IN POPULATIONS OF DIVERSE ANCESTRIES Article Open access 25 March 2025 CHANGE HISTORY * _ 12 OCTOBER 2011 In the version of this supplementary file

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acknowledgments appears in the SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. Funding was provided by Academy of Finland (10404, 77299, 104781, 114382, 117797, 120315, 121584, 124243, 126775, 126925, 127437, 129255,

129269, 129306, 129494, 129680, 130326, 209072, 210595, 213225, 213506 and 216374); ADA Mentor-Based Postdoctoral Fellowship; Amgen; Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore

(A*STAR); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament); AstraZeneca; Augustinus Foundation; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944,

389875, 389891, 389892, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 496688, 552485 and 613672); Australian Research Council (ARC grant DP0770096); Becket Foundation; Biocenter (Finland); Biomedicum

Helsinki Foundation; Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center; British Diabetes Association (1192); British Heart Foundation (97020; PG/02/128); Busselton Population Medical Research

Foundation; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research; Cambridge National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre; CamStrad (UK); Cancer Research UK;

Centre for Medical Systems Biology (The Netherlands); Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (The Netherlands); Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government; Contrat Plan Etat

Région (France); Danish Centre for Health Technology Assessment; Danish Diabetes Association; Danish Heart Foundation; Danish Pharmaceutical Association; Danish Research Council; Deutsche

Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; HE 1446/4-1); Department of Health (UK); Diabetes UK; Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dresden University of Technology

Funding Grant; Emil and Vera Cornell Foundation; Erasmus Medical Center (Rotterdam); Erasmus University (Rotterdam); European Commission (DG XII; QLG1-CT-2000-01643, QLG2-CT-2002-01254,

LSHC-CT-2005, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2004-518153, LSH-2006-037593, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, HEALTH-F2-2008-ENGAGE, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550, FP7/2007-2013, 205419,

212111, 245536, SOC 95201408 05F02 and WLRT-2001-01254); Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) (01AK803, 01EA9401, 01GI0823, 01GI0826, 01GP0209, 01GP0259, 01GS0820, 01GS0823,

01GS0824, 01GS0825, 01GS0830, 01GS0831, 01IG07015, 01KU0903, 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403 and 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; European Social Fund; Eve Appeal;

Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Foundation for Pediatric Research, Finnish Medical Society; Finska Läkaresällskapet, Päivikki

and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, Folkhälsan Research Foundation; Fond Européen pour le Développement Régional (France); Fondation LeDucq (Paris, France); Foundation for Life and Health in

Finland; Foundation for Strategic Research (Sweden); Genetic Association Information Network; German Research Council (KFO-152); German National Genome Research Net 'NGFNplus' (FKZ

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(The Netherlands); Ministry of Education (Finland); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (The Netherlands); Ministry of Internal Affairs and Health (Denmark); Ministry of Science,

Education and Sport of the Republic of Croatia (216-1080315-0302); Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg; Montreal Heart Institute Foundation; Municipal Health Care

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Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre; National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre; National Institute for Health Research

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(904-61-090, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 400-05-717, SPI 56-464-1419, 175.010.2005.011 and 911-03-012); Nord-Trøndelag County Council; Nordic Center of Excellence in Disease Genetics; Novo

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Risk Assessment, Health and Consumer Protection (2004310); Research Foundation of Copenhagen County; Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2); Robert Dawson Evans

Endowment; Royal Society (UK); Royal Swedish Academy of Science; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CMR, no. A305: 188); Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany;

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Health; South Tyrolean Sparkasse Foundation; State of Bavaria; Stockholm County Council (560183); Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Cultural

Foundation in Finland; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation; Swedish Medical Research Council (8691, K2007-66X-20270-01-3, K2010-54X-09894-19-3,

K2010-54X-09894-19-3 and 2006-3832); Swedish Research Council; Swedish Society of Medicine; Swiss National Science Foundation (33CSCO-122661, 310000-112552 and 3100AO-116323/1); Torsten and

Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Région Lorraine, Communauté Urbaine du Grand Nancy; University Hospital Medical funds to Tampere; University Hospital

Oulu, Finland; University of Oulu, Finland (75617); Västra Götaland Foundation; Walter E. Nichols, M.D., and Eleanor Nichols endowments; Wellcome Trust (068545, 072960, 075491, 076113,

077016, 079557, 079895, 081682, 083270, 085301 and 086596); Western Australian DNA Bank; Western Australian Genetic Epidemiology Resource; and Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. AUTHOR INFORMATION

Author notes * Elizabeth K Speliotes, Cristen J Willer, Sonja I Berndt, Keri L Monda, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Michael Boehnke, Kari Stefansson, Kari E North, Mark I McCarthy, Joel N Hirschhorn,

Erik Ingelsson and Ruth J F Loos: These authors contributed equally to this work. AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad

Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Elizabeth K Speliotes, Sailaja Vedantam, Candace Guiducci, Brian Thomson & Joel N Hirschhorn * Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts

General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Elizabeth K Speliotes & Lee M Kaplan * Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

Michigan, USA Cristen J Willer, Anne U Jackson, Heather M Stringham, Robert J Weyant, Ryan Welch, Laura J Scott, Elizabeth Jewell, Tanya M Teslovich, Gonçalo R Abecasis & Michael Boehnke

* Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Sonja I Berndt, 

Ju-Hyun Park, Jianxin Shi, Stephen J Chanock & Nilanjan Chatterjee * Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North

Carolina, USA Keri L Monda & Kari E North * deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland Gudmar Thorleifsson, Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, G Bragi Walters, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari

Stefansson * Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Hana Lango Allen, Michael N Weedon, Andrew R Wood, John R B Perry, 

Andrew T Hattersley & Timothy M Frayling * Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Cecilia M Lindgren, Reedik Mägi, Joshua C Randall, Teresa Ferreira, 

Inga Prokopenko, Anuj Goel, Andrew P Morris, Nigel W Rayner, Neil R Robertson, Hugh Watkins & Mark I McCarthy * Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of

Oxford, Oxford, UK Cecilia M Lindgren, Inga Prokopenko, Amanda J Bennett, Christopher J Groves, Neelam Hassanali, Matt J Neville, Nigel W Rayner, Neil R Robertson, Fredrik Karpe & Mark I

McCarthy * Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK Jian'an Luan, Tuomas O Kilpeläinen, Jing Hua

Zhao, Shengxu Li, Ken K Ong, Manjinder S Sandhu, Nicholas J Wareham & Ruth J F Loos * Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston,

Massachusetts, USA Sailaja Vedantam & Joel N Hirschhorn * Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany Thomas W Winkler 

& Iris M Heid * Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Lu Qi, Tsegaselassie Workalemahu, Frank B Hu & David J Hunter * Department of

Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Lu Qi, Frank B Hu & David J Hunter * Institute of Epidemiology,

Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Iris M Heid, Claudia Lamina, Elisabeth Thiering, Chih-Mei Chen, Christian Gieger, Harald

Grallert, Peter Rzehak, Joachim Heinrich, Thomas Illig, Annette Peters & H-Erich Wichmann * Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK Eleanor Wheeler, Manjinder S Sandhu, 

Nicole Soranzo, Willem H Ouwehand, Panos Deloukas, Leena Peltonen & Inês Barroso * Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Ayellet V

Segrè, Sekar Kathiresan, Benjamin F Voight, Steven A McCarroll & Shaun Purcell * Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Ayellet V Segrè, James Nemesh, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Sekar Kathiresan, Benjamin F Voight & Steven A McCarroll * Department of Molecular Biology,

Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Ayellet V Segrè, Benjamin F Voight & Steven A McCarroll * Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam,

The Netherlands Karol Estrada, Najaf Amin, Fernando Rivadeneira, Sophie van Wingerden, Albert Hofman, Joyce B J van Meurs, Jacqueline C Witteman, André Uitterlinden & Cornelia M van

Duijn * Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Karol Estrada, Marjolein J Peters, Fernando Rivadeneira, Joyce B J van Meurs, André Uitterlinden & M

Carola Zillikens * Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands Karol Estrada, Marjolein J Peters, Fernando

Rivadeneira, Albert Hofman, Joyce B J van Meurs, Jacqueline C Witteman, André Uitterlinden, M Carola Zillikens & Cornelia M van Duijn * Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of

Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Liming Liang, Peter Kraft, Frank B Hu & David J Hunter * Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,

USA Liming Liang & Peter Kraft * Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Stefan Gustafsson, Fredrik Wiklund, Henrik Grönberg, Per

Hall & Erik Ingelsson * Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia Jian Yang & Peter M Visscher * Centre National de

la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France Nabila Bouatia-Naji, Christine Cavalcanti-Proença, Stefan Gaget, Cecile Lecoeur, David Meyre, Vincent

Vatin & Philippe Froguel * University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France Nabila Bouatia-Naji, Christine Cavalcanti-Proença, Stefan Gaget, Cecile Lecoeur, David Meyre, Vincent Vatin 

& Philippe Froguel * Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Tõnu Esko, Tõnu Esko, Helene Alavere, Mari Nelis, Mari-Liis Tammesoo & Andres Metspalu * Estonian

Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia Tõnu Esko, Tõnu Esko, Mari Nelis, Maris Teder-Laving & Andres Metspalu * Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Tõnu Esko,

 Tõnu Esko, Mari Nelis, Maris Teder-Laving & Andres Metspalu * Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA., Mary F Feitosa, Shamika

Ketkar, Qunyuan Zhang & Ingrid B Borecki * Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Zoltán Kutalik, Toby Johnson, Sven Bergmann, Diana Marek & 

Jacques S Beckmann * Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland Zoltán Kutalik, Toby Johnson, Sven Bergmann & Diana Marek * Department of Twin Research and Genetic

Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK Massimo Mangino, Nicole Soranzo & Timothy D Spector * Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's

Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Soumya Raychaudhuri * Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Andre Scherag & Tanja Boes * Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland Albert Vernon Smith, Thor Aspelund, Gudny Eiriksdottir & Vilmundur Gudnason * University of Iceland,

Reykjavik, Iceland Albert Vernon Smith, Thor Aspelund & Vilmundur Gudnason * Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Katja K Aben & Lambertus A Kiemeney * Hudson

Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA Devin M Absher & Lindsay L Waite * Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK Anna L Dixon *

Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany Eva Fisher & Heiner Boeing * Department of Medicine, University of Washington,

Seattle, Washington, USA Nicole L Glazer * Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Nicole L Glazer & David S Siscovick * University of

Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Michael E Goddard * Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Michael E Goddard * Department of Neurology, Boston University School

of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Nancy L Heard-Costa & Larry D Atwood * Technical University Munich, Chair of Biomathematics, Garching, Germany Volker Hoesel * Department of

Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Eco J C Geus, Gonneke Willemsen & Dorret I Boomsma * Department of

Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden Åsa Johansson, Wilmar Igl & Ulf Gyllensten * Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine,

Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Åsa Johansson * Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London

School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK Toby Johnson * Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute,

Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK Toby Johnson, Mark J Caulfield & Patricia B Munroe * Division of

Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Claudia Lamina * National Heart and Lung

Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK Miriam F Moffatt * Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Richard H Myers * National Human

Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Narisu Narisu, Lori L Bonnycastle, Peter S Chines, Michael R Erdos, Mario A Morken, Amy J Swift & 

Francis S Collins * Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Michael Preuss, Inke R

König & Andreas Ziegler * Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Samuli Ripatti, Niina Pellikka, Johannes Kettunen, Markus Perola, 

Kaisa Silander, Ida Surakka, Elisabeth Widen, Jaakko Kaprio & Leena Peltonen * Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Unit of Public Health

Genomics, Helsinki, Finland Samuli Ripatti, Niina Pellikka, Johannes Kettunen, Markus Perola, Kaisa Silander, Ida Surakka & Leena Peltonen * Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte,

Denmark Camilla Sandholt, Anette P Gjesing, Torben Hansen & Oluf Pedersen * Department of Social Medicine, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Oakfield House,

Bristol, UK Nicholas J Timpson, Ian N M Day, George Davey Smith & Debbie A Lawlor * Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Jonathan P Tyrer * Department of

Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA Richard M Watanabe * Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of

Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA Richard M Watanabe, Richard N Bergman & Thomas A Buchanan * Department of Biostatistics, Boston University

School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Charles C White, Julius S Ngwa & L Adrienne Cupples * Department of Medicine, University of Milan, Surgery and Dentistry, Milano,

Italy Christina Barlassina & Fabio Macciardi * Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Daniel I Chasman & Paul M Ridker *

Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Daniel I Chasman, Lee M Kaplan & Paul M Ridker * Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia,

Crawley, Western Australia, Australia Matthew N Cooper, Robert W Lawrence, Jennie Hui & Lyle J Palmer * Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska

Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden John-Olov Jansson * Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Maria T S Alibrandi, Chiara

Lanzani & Paolo Manunta * Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Peter Almgren & Leif C Groop * Department of Biostatistics,

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Alice M Arnold & Barbara McKnight * Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Seattle, Washington, USA Alice M Arnold * INSERM

Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP) Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health U1018, Villejuif, France Beverley Balkau * University Paris Sud

11, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1018, Villejuif, France Beverley Balkau * Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and

Therapeutics (LIGHT), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Anthony J Balmforth & Alistair S Hall * Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Yoav Ben-Shlomo * Institute

of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Heike Biebermann, Susanna Wiegand & Heiko Krude * Department of Genomics of Common Disease,

School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK Alexandra I F Blakemore & Philippe Froguel * Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany Stefan R

Bornstein & Barbara Ludwig * Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK Morris J Brown * Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of

Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA Thomas A Buchanan * Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR),

Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy Fabio Busonero, Serena Sanna & Manuela Uda * Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Harry

Campbell, Sarah H Wild, Igor Rudan & James F Wilson * University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK Francesco P Cappuccio * Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical

Center, Los Angeles, California, USA Yii-Der Ida Chen & Talin Haritunians * Clinical Trial Service Unit, Oxford, UK Robert Clarke * Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School

of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK Lachlan Coin, Paul Elliott, Ulla Sovio & Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin * University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and

Medical School, Dundee, UK John Connell * Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Martin den Heijer & 

Lambertus A Kiemeney * Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Martin den Heijer * Northshore University Healthsystem, Evanston,

Illinois, USA Jubao Duan, Pablo V Gejman & Alan R Sanders * The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Shah Ebrahim * South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, New

Dehli, India Shah Ebrahim * MRC-Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK Paul Elliott * Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal

D'investigacio Medica and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain Roberto Elosua * Department of General Practice and Primary

Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Johan G Eriksson * National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Johan G Eriksson & Eero Kajantie * Helsinki

University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland Johan G Eriksson * Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland Johan G Eriksson, Bo Isomaa & Tiinamaija Tuomi *

Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland Johan G Eriksson * Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano-Bozen, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University

of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Maurizio F Facheris, Andrew A Hicks, Irene Pichler & Peter P Pramstaller * Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy Maurizio F

Facheris & Peter P Pramstaller * Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany Stephan B Felix * Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,

Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Unit, Ulm, Germany Pamela Fischer-Posovszky & Martin Wabitsch * Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Aaron R Folsom * Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Nele Friedrich, 

Sabine Schipf & Henri Wallaschofski * Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA Nelson B Freimer * Department of Medicine, University of

Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Mao Fu, Alan R Shuldiner & Jeffrey R O'Connell * Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe

Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK Anuj Goel & Hugh Watkins * Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Philippe Goyette, Guillaume Lettre & Jean-Claude Tardif * Department of

Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany Jürgen Gräßler * Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA Danielle M Greenawalt

* Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Anna-Liisa Hartikainen & Anneli Pouta * Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National

Institute for Health and Welfare, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland Aki S Havulinna, Pekka Jousilahti, Seppo Koskinen & Veikko Salomaa * MRC Human

Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Caroline Hayward, Veronique Vitart & Alan F Wright * Department of

Psychiatry and Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Andrew C Heath * Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II,

Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Christian Hengstenberg * Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin II, Regensburg, Germany Christian Hengstenberg * Department of Child

and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany Anke Hinney, Susann Scherag, Carla I G Vogel & Johannes Hebebrand * Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and

Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Georg Homuth * Department of Molecular Genetics, PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, J Block, QEII

Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia Jennie Hui & John P Beilby * Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands,

Western Australia, Australia Jennie Hui, John P Beilby, Alan L James & Lyle J Palmer * Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA Carlos

Iribarren * Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Carlos Iribarren * Department of Social Services and Health

Care, Jakobstad, Finland Bo Isomaa * Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA Kevin B Jacobs * Institute of Medical

Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Ivonne Jarick * Institut für Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Ulrich John *

Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark Torben Jørgensen * Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Torben

Jørgensen * Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Studies Unit, Turku, Finland Antti Jula * Institute of Health Sciences, University

of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Marika Kaakinen & Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin * Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Marika Kaakinen & Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin * Hospital for Children

and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS), Helsinki, Finland Eero Kajantie * Massachusetts General

Hospital (MGH) Weight Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Lee M Kaplan * Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Sekar Kathiresan * Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA Sekar

Kathiresan & Christopher J O'Donnell * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Sekar Kathiresan * National Institute for Health and Welfare,

Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland Leena Kinnunen, Jaakko Tuomilehto & Timo T Valle * Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

Joshua W Knowles, Thomas Quertermous & Themistocles L Assimes * Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Ivana Kolcic, Ozren Polasek

 & Lina Zgaga * Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Peter Kovacs * Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University

Hospital, Kuopio, Finland Johanna Kuusisto & Markku Laakso * Department of Public Health and General Practice, Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) Research Centre, Norwegian University of

Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway Kirsti Kvaløy, Kristian Midthjell, Carl G P Platou & Kristian Hveem * Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland Jaana Laitinen *

Institut inter-regional pour la santé (IRSA), La Riche, France Olivier Lantieri * Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of

Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Lenore J Launer & Tamara B Harris * Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Terho

Lehtimäki * Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Guillaume Lettre & Jean-Claude Tardif * Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore,

Singapore Jianjun Liu * Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Marja-Liisa Lokki * Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine,

Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Mattias Lorentzon & Claes Ohlsson * Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University

of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Robert N Luben, Manjinder S Sandhu & Kay-Tee Khaw * Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital,

Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France Michel Marre * Cardiovascular Genetics Research Unit, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Nancy, France Michel Marre * Genetic

Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia Nicholas G Martin * Department of Social Medicine, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

(ALSPAC) Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Wendy L McArdle * Division of Health, Research Board, An Bord Taighde Sláinte, Dublin, Ireland Anne McCarthy * Institute of Human

Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany Thomas Meitinger * Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for

Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Thomas Meitinger * Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Olle Melander & Martin Ridderstråle * Molecular Epidemiology

Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia Grant W Montgomery * Croatian Centre for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia

Rosanda Mulic & Igor Rudan * Neurogenetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia Dale R Nyholt * National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National

Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA Christopher J O'Donnell * University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science,

Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK Stephen O'Rahilly & I Sadaf Farooqi * Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Ben Oostra * Department of

Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Guillaume Paré * Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Alex N Parker * Department of Public Health, Finnish

Twin Cohort Study, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Kirsi H Pietiläinen & Jaakko Kaprio * Department of Psychiatry, Obesity Research Unit, Helsinki University Central Hospital,

Helsinki, Finland Kirsi H Pietiläinen & Aila Rissanen * Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, The Nord-Trøndelag Health Trust, Levanger, Norway Carl G P Platou * Gen-Info Ltd,

Zagreb, Croatia Ozren Polasek * National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland Anneli Pouta & Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin * Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of

Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK Suzanne Rafelt & Nilesh J Samani * Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Olli Raitakari * The Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Olli Raitakari * Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg,

Germany Winfried Rief * Department of Clinical Sciences and Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Aimo Ruokonen * Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Institute of Medical

Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany, Peter Rzehak & H-Erich Wichmann * South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland Jouko Saramies *

Department of Clinical Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Markku J Savolainen * Institut für Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany Sabine Schipf * Institute

for Clinical Molecular Biology and Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany Stefan Schreiber * Universität zu

Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany Heribert Schunkert & Jeanette Erdmann * Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki,

Finland Juha Sinisalo & Markku S Nieminen * Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA David S Siscovick * Department of Psychiatry,

Instituut voor Extramuraal Geneeskundig Onderzoek (EMGO) Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jan H Smit & Brenda W Penninx * Department of Haematology,

University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Jonathan Stephens & Willem H Ouwehand * National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK Jonathan Stephens &

 Willem H Ouwehand * Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK John R Thompson & Nilesh J Samani * Department of Health

Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK John R Thompson * Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Anke Tönjes & Michael Stumvoll *

Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Anke Tönjes * Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Tiinamaija

Tuomi * Research Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Tiinamaija Tuomi * Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The

Netherlands Gert-Jan van Ommen * Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Gert-Jan van Ommen * Department of Medicine, University of Turku

and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Jorma Viikari * INSERM Cardiovascular Genetics team, Centre Investigation Clinique (CIC) 9501, Nancy, France Sophie Visvikis-Siest * Steno

Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark Daniel R Witte * Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA Jianfeng Xu * Department of Physiatrics, Lapland

Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland Paavo Zitting * School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia John P Beilby *

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Heikki V Huikuri * School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia,

Australia Alan L James * Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Mika Kähönen * Stanford University School of Medicine,

Stanford, California, USA Douglas F Levinson * Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA Fabio Macciardi * Leipziger

Interdisziplinärer Forschungs-komplex zu molekularen Ursachen umwelt- und lebensstilassoziierter Erkrankungen (LIFE) Study Centre, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Michael Stumvoll *

Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland Jacques S Beckmann * Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular

Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Eric Boerwinkle * Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Torben Hansen * New York

University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA Richard B Hayes * Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Unit for Child and

Adolescent Mental Health, Helsinki, Finland Jaakko Kaprio * NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK Fredrik Karpe & Mark I McCarthy * Department of

Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Lambertus A Kiemeney * Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Oluf

Pedersen * Faculty of Health Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Oluf Pedersen * Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands Brenda W

Penninx * Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Brenda W Penninx * Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Peter P

Pramstaller * Institute for Paediatric Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten-Herdecke, Datteln, Germany Thomas Reinehr * Department of

Medicine III, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany Peter E H Schwarz * Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans

Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Alan R Shuldiner * Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Jaakko Tuomilehto * South

Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinajoki, Finland Jaakko Tuomilehto * Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, Lausanne,

Switzerland Gérard Waeber * The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Shaun Purcell & Leena Peltonen * Department of

Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Shaun Purcell * Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA Eric E Schadt * Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, USA

Eric E Schadt * Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Ingrid B Borecki * Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and

Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA Caroline S Fox * Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New

York, USA Robert C Kaplan * Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Karen L Mohlke * Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki,

Helsinki, Finland Leena Peltonen * Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA David Schlessinger * Division of Community Health Sciences, St.

George's, University of London, London, UK David P Strachan * Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany H-Erich Wichmann * Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson * University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK Inês Barroso *

Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Kari E North * Department of Genetics, Harvard

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You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONSORTIA MAGIC ON BEHALF OF PROCARDIS CONSORTIUM CONTRIBUTIONS A full list of author contributions appears in the SUPPLEMENTARY

NOTE. CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Correspondence to Michael Boehnke, Kari Stefansson, Kari E North, Mark I McCarthy, Joel N Hirschhorn, Erik Ingelsson or Ruth J F Loos. ETHICS DECLARATIONS

COMPETING INTERESTS I.B. and spouse own stock in Incyte Ltd and GlaxoSmithKline. J.N.H. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board, Correlagen, Inc. V.H. has received consultancy fees from

GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly and Takeda. A.P. is employed by Amgen. K.S., V.S., G.T., U.T. and G.B.W. are employed by deCODE Genetics. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On behalf of the MAGIC (Meta-Analyses

of Glucose and Insulin-Related Traits Consortium) investigators. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT AND FIGURES Supplementary Tables 1–8, Supplementary Figures 1–4 and

Supplementary Note. (PDF 4893 kb) RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Speliotes, E., Willer, C., Berndt, S. _et al._ Association analyses of

249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. _Nat Genet_ 42, 937–948 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.686 Download citation * Received: 13 May 2010 * Accepted:

15 September 2010 * Published: 10 October 2010 * Issue Date: November 2010 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.686 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to

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