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ABSTRACT One of the grand challenges of contemporary physics is understanding strongly interacting quantum systems comprising such diverse examples as ultracold atoms in traps, electrons in

high-temperature superconductors and nuclear matter1. Warm dense matter, defined by temperatures of a few electron volts and densities comparable with solids, is a complex state of such

interacting matter2. Moreover, the study of warm dense matter states has practical applications for controlled thermonuclear fusion, where it is encountered during the implosion phase3, and

it also represents laboratory analogues of astrophysical environments found in the core of planets and the crusts of old stars4,5. Here we demonstrate how warm dense matter states can be

diagnosed and structural properties can be obtained by inelastic X-ray scattering measurements on a compressed lithium sample. Combining experiments and _ab initio_ simulations enables us to

determine its microscopic state and to evaluate more approximate theoretical models for the ionic structure. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of

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CONDITIONS USING LARGE X-RAY FACILITIES Article 02 November 2023 THE STRUCTURE OF LIQUID CARBON ELUCIDATED BY IN SITU X-RAY DIFFRACTION Article Open access 21 May 2025 ADAPTABLE PLATFORM FOR

TRAPPED COLD ELECTRONS, HYDROGEN AND LITHIUM ANIONS AND CATIONS Article Open access 23 May 2023 REFERENCES * National Research Council. _Frontiers in High Energy Density Physics : The

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  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was partially supported by EPSRC grants and by the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom. Additional support from

the US DOE and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is also acknowledged. We thank the Vulcan operation, engineering and target fabrication groups for their support during the

experiment. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK E. García Saiz & D. Riley * Clarendon

Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK G. Gregori * Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK G. Gregori, R. J. Clarke, 

D. Neely, M. M. Notley & C. Spindloe * Department of Physics, Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK D. O. Gericke, J. Vorberger & K.

Wünsch * Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation des Laser Intenses, Ecole Polytechnique - Université Paris VI, 91128 Palaiseau, France B. Barbrel & M. Koenig * Department of Physics, The Ohio

State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA R. R. Freeman, R. L. Weber & L.  van Woerkom * Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, PO Box 808, USA S. H.

Glenzer, O. L. Landen, P. Neumayer & D. Price * Department of Physics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, NWFP, Pakistan F. Y. Khattak * Institut für Kernphysik,

Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany A. Pelka, M. Roth & M. Schollmeier Authors * E. García Saiz View author publications You can also search

for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * G. Gregori View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * D. O. Gericke View author publications You can

also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * J. Vorberger View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * B. Barbrel View author publications

You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * R. J. Clarke View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * R. R. Freeman View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * S. H. Glenzer View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * F. Y. Khattak

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M. Koenig View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * O. L.

Landen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * D. Neely View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar *

P. Neumayer View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M. M. Notley View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google

Scholar * A. Pelka View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * D. Price View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed 

Google Scholar * M. Roth View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M. Schollmeier View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * C. Spindloe View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * R. L. Weber View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * L.  van Woerkom View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * K. Wünsch View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * D. Riley View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS E.G.S., G.G., B.B., R.J.C.,

F.Y.K., M.M.N., A.P., R.L.W. and D.R. carried out the Vulcan experiment. E.G.S., G.G., S.H.G., P.N., A.P., D.P., M.R. and M.S. carried out preparatory experiments and diagnostics development

at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. E.G.S., G.G., F.Y.K. and D.R. analysed the data. E.G.S., G.G. and D.O.G. wrote the paper. The simulations were carried out by D.O.G., J.V. and

K.W. C.S. and G.G. designed targets used in the experiment. R.R.F., S.H.G., M.K., O.L.L., D.N., M.R. and L.v.W. provided additional experimental and theoretical support. G.G., S.H.G. and

D.R. conceived the project in this paper. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to G. Gregori. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE García Saiz,

E., Gregori, G., Gericke, D. _et al._ Probing warm dense lithium by inelastic X-ray scattering. _Nature Phys_ 4, 940–944 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1103 Download citation *

Received: 21 December 2007 * Accepted: 10 September 2008 * Published: 19 October 2008 * Issue Date: December 2008 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1103 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share

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