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ABSTRACT Urban green space, or natural environments, are associated with multiple physical and mental health outcomes. Several proposed pathways of action for these benefits (e.g., stress

reduction and attention restoration) require visual perception of green space; however, existing green space exposure measures commonly used in epidemiological studies do not capture

street-scale exposures. We downloaded 254 Google Street View (GSV) panorama images from Portland, Oregon and calculated percent of green in each image, called Green View Index (GVI). For

these locations we also calculated satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), % tree cover, % green space, % street tree buffering, distance to parks, and several

neighborhood socio-economic variables. Correlations between the GVI and other green space measures were low (−0.02 to 0.50), suggesting GSV-based measures captured unique information about

green space exposures. We further developed a GVI:NDVI ratio, which was associated with the amount of vertical green space in an image. The GVI and GVI:NDVI ratio were weakly related to

neighborhood socioeconomic status and are therefore less susceptible to confounding in health studies compared to other green space measures. GSV measures captured unique characteristics of

the green space environment and offer a new approach to examine green space and health associations in epidemiological research. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a

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ON URBAN GREENSPACE IN RELATION TO SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND HEALTH INEQUITY BASED ON DIFFERENT GREENSPACE METRICS IN 3 US URBAN COMMUNITIES Article Open access 22 August 2022 GREENING

URBAN AREAS IN LINE WITH POPULATION DENSITY AND ECOLOGICAL ZONE CAN REDUCE PREMATURE MORTALITY Article Open access 02 November 2024 CHANGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDEX OF CONCENTRATION

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for developing and maintaining the Google Street View and Google Earth Engine datasets and APIs. The authors would also like to thank Leanne Cusack for her thoughts and contributions while

developing presentation materials. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Andrew Larkin & 

Perry Hystad Authors * Andrew Larkin View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Perry Hystad View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Andrew Larkin. ETHICS DECLARATIONS CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOCX RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Larkin, A., Hystad, P. Evaluating street

view exposure measures of visible green space for health research. _J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol_ 29, 447–456 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0017-1 Download citation * Received:

28 March 2017 * Revised: 25 September 2017 * Accepted: 21 November 2017 * Published: 19 January 2018 * Issue Date: July 2019 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0017-1 SHARE THIS

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Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS * Epidemiology * Exposure modeling * Population studies