Reader TTS

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were isolation-purification and characterization of l-glutaminase from _L. gasseri_ BRLHM clinical isolates and investigation of its efficiency as an

antimicrobial agent against multidrug-resistant _P. aeruginosa_. The MICs of l-glutaminase and gentamicin reference were evaluated by the well-diffusion method. The biofilm on the IUD

contraceptive was visualized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) image analyses. The purified l-glutaminase possessed significant antimicrobial activity against _P. aeruginosa_ isolates (_p_

 < 0.05), and the antibiofilm formation activity of the purified l-glutaminase was stronger than the antibiofilm activity of the referral standard drug, gentamicin (_P_ < 0.05), which

were checked by the inhibition of the biofilm formation on the IUD contraceptive device. Investigations indicated that l-glutaminase may have a crucial role in future clinical applications.

Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this

journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $259.00 per year only $21.58 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer

support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS EFFICACY OF _ACACIA NILOTICA_ AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN TREATING BIOFILM-FORMING AND MULTIDRUG RESISTANT UROPATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH UTI

SYNDROME Article Open access 07 July 2020 THE EFFICACY OF BIOSYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST _PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA_ ISOLATES FROM CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS Article Open access 01

June 2023 POTENTIAL CANNABIDIOL (CBD) REPURPOSING AS ANTIBACTERIAL AND PROMISING THERAPY OF CBD PLUS POLYMYXIN B (PB) AGAINST PB-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI Article Open access 19 April

2022 REFERENCES * Amobonye A, Singh S, Pillai S. Recent advances in microbial glutaminase production and applications—a concise review. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2019;39:944–63. Article  CAS 

PubMed  Google Scholar  * Saleem R, Ahmed S. Isolation and characterization of L-glutaminase producing bacteria. Preprint at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.358838v1.full

(2020). * Jambulingam K, Sudhakar S. Purification and characterisation of a novel broad spectrum anti-tumor L-glutaminase enzyme from marine _Bacillus subtilis_ strain JK-79. Afr J Microbiol

Res. 2019;13:232–44. Article  Google Scholar  * Roberts J, McGregor WG. Inhibition of mouse retroviral disease by bioactive glutaminase-asparaginase. J Gen Virol. 1991;72:299–305. Article 

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Roberts J, MacAllister TW, Sethuraman N, Freeman AG. Genetically engineered glutaminase and its use in antiviral and anticancer therapy. 2001; U.S. Patent

Application No. 11/416,133. * Xiang H, Sun-Waterhouse D, Cui C, Wang W, Dong K. Modification of soy protein isolate by glutaminase for nanocomplexation with curcumin. Food Chem.

2018;268:504–12. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Raj JEE, et al. Isolation and screening of L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase producing bacteria and their antimicrobial potential from

environmental sources. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2016;11:47–53. Google Scholar  * Alemzadeh I, Vaziri AS, Khosravi-Darani K, Monsan P. Enzymes in functional food development. In Novel food

grade enzymes: applications in food processing and preservation industries. 217–52. Springer; 2022. ISBN: 978-981-19-1287-0. * Gul ST, Alsayeqh AF. Probiotics as an alternative approach to

antibiotics for safe poultry meat production. Pak Vet J. 2022;42:285–91. * Iyer SS, Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit

Rev Immunol. 2012;32:23–63. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Sarkar A, Abhyankar I, Saha P, Kumar SR, Rao KV. Antioxidant, haemolytic activity of L-glutaminase

producing marine actinobacteria isolated from salt pan soil of coastal Andhra Pradesh. Res J Pharm Technol. 2014;7:544–549. Google Scholar  * Arena MP, et al. Use of _Lactobacillus

plantarum_ strains as a bio-control strategy against food-borne pathogenic microorganisms. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:464. Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Weingand-Ziadé A,

Gerber-Décombaz C, Affolter M. Functional characterization of a salt-and thermotolerant glutaminase from _Lactobacillus rhamnosus_. Enzym Microb Technol. 2003;32:862–67. Article  Google

Scholar  * Khan KA, et al. Structural diversity and functional variability of gut microbial communities associated with honey bees. Microb Pathog. 2020;138:103793. Article  PubMed  Google

Scholar  * Algonaiman R, Alharbi HF, Barakat H. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic efficiency of _Lactobacillus plantarum_ fermented oat (_Avena sativa_) extract in streptozotocin-induced

diabetes in rats. Fermentation. 2022;8:267. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * He Y, et al. Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of _Lactobacillus gasseri_ and Lactobacillus crispatus on the

adhesion of seven common lower genital tract infection-causing pathogens to vaginal epithelial cells. Front Med. 2020;7:284. Article  Google Scholar  * Majigo MV, Kashindye P, Mtulo Z.

Bacterial vaginosis, the leading cause of genital discharge among women presenting with vaginal infection in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Afr Health Sci. 2021;21:531–37. Article  PubMed  PubMed

Central  Google Scholar  * Mohamed-Ahmed O, Hinshaw K, Knight M. Operative vaginal delivery and post-partum infection. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;56:93–106. Article  PubMed 

Google Scholar  * Holdcroft AM, Ireland DJ, Payne MS. The vaginal microbiome in health and disease—what role do common intimate hygiene practices play? Microorganisms. 2023;11:298. Article 

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Auriemma RS, et al. The vaginal microbiome: a long urogenital colonization throughout woman life. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:686167.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Qin S, et al. _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances

and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:199. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * PangZ R, GLICK BR. Antibiotic resistance in _Pseudomonas

aeruginosa_: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. BiotechnolAdv. 2019;37:177G192. Google Scholar  * Dalton E, Castillo E. Post partum infections: a review for the non-OBGYN.

Obstet Med. 2014;7:98–102. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Antunes P, et al. Biocides and multi-drug resistance associated with the first extended-spectrum

beta-lactamase-producing nontyphoidal _salmonella_ strain isolated in Portugal. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/95012. * Liabsuetrakul T, Choobun T,

Peeyananjarassri K, Islam QM. Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020:1–33. * Vijayan N, Swapna TS, Haridas M, Sabu A. Therapeutic

enzymes: l-glutaminase. Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier; 2017. p. 233–48. Chapter  Google Scholar  * Mahdi LH, Auda IG, Ali IM, Alsaadi LG, Zwain LAH.

Antibacterial activity of a novel characterized and purified bacteriocin extracted from _Bifidobacterium adolescentis_. Rev Med Microbiol. 2018;29:73–80. Article  Google Scholar  * Iyer PV,

Singhal RS. Screening and selection of marine isolate for L-glutaminase production and media optimization using response surface methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2009;159:233–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hasson B, Mahdi L, Essa R. Evidence of antioxidant activity of novel L-glutaminase purified from _L._ Gasseri BRLHM. J Appl Sci Nanotechnol.

2021;1:44–51. Article  Google Scholar  * Manna S, Sinha A, Sadhukhan R, Chakrabarty SL. Purification, characterization and antitumor activity of L-asparaginase isolated from _Pseudomonas

stutzeri_ MB-405. Curr Microbiol 1995;30:291–98. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * More SS, et al. Purification and characterization of anti-cancer L-glutaminase of _Bacillus cereus_

strain LC13. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci. 2018;88:695–705. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities

of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72:248–54. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Elshafei AM, et al. Purification, kinetic properties and

antitumor activity of L-glutaminase from _Penicillium brevicompactum_ NRC829. Br Micro Res J. 2014;4:97–115. Article  Google Scholar  * Imada A, Igarasi S, Nakahama K, Isono M. Asparaginase

and glutaminase activities of micro-organisms. Microbiology. 1973;76:85–99. CAS  Google Scholar  * Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL. Microbiology: an introduction. Pearson; 2018; 13th edition,

ISBN-13: 9780135789377 * Wayne PA. Clinical and laboratory standards institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 2010; CLSI document M100-S20.

https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572261550694185984. * Jawad KH et al. Antibacterial activity of bismuth oxide nanoparticles compared to amikacin against _Acinetobacter baumannii_ and

_Staphylococcus aureus_. J Nanomater. 2022;2022. Article ID 8511601. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8511601. * Abdel-Aziz MM, Al-Omar MS, Mohammed HA, Emam TM. In vitro and Ex vivo antibiofilm

activity of a lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by the entomopathogenic _Beauveria bassiana_ strain against microsporum canis. Microorganisms. 2020;8:232. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed

Central  Google Scholar  * Ibraheem DR, Hussein NN, Sulaiman GM, Mohammed HA, Khan RA, Al Rugaie O. Ciprofloxacin-loaded silver nanoparticles as potent nano-antibiotics against resistant

pathogenic bacteria. Nanomaterials. 2022;12:2808. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Mahdi L, Sana’a AK, Zwain L. The effect of _Pediococcus pentosaceus_ bacteriocin on

_Listeria monocytogenes_ in soft cheese. In International Conference on Medicinal Genetics, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Pharmaceutical & Food Sciences. (GCMBPF-2015), Istanbul;

2015. * Lo J-H, Kulp SK, Chen C-S, Chiu H-C. Sensitization of intracellular _Salmonella enterica_ serovar Typhimurium to aminoglycosides in vitro and in vivo by a host-targeted antimicrobial

agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:7375–82. Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Pan M, Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Goh YJ, Sanozky-Dawes R, Barrangou R. Comparative

aalysis of _Lactobacillus gasseri_ and _Lactobacillus crispatus_ isolated from human urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:3146. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  *

Nouraldin A, Baddour M, Harfoush R, Essa S. Bacteriophage-antibiotic synergism to control planktonic and biofilm producing clinical isolates of _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_. Alexandria J Med.

2016;52:99–105. * Sajitha N, Vasuki S, Suja M. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of L-glutaminase from seaweed endophytic fungi _Penicillium citrinum_. World J Pharm Sci.

2014;3:682–95. Google Scholar  * Maldonado NC, Silva de Ruiz C, Cecilia M, Nader-Macias ME. A simple technique to detect _Klebsiella_ biofilm-forming-strains. Inhibitory potential of

Lactobacillus fermentum CRL 1058 whole cells and products. _Commun. Curr. Res. Educ. Top. Trends Appl. Microbiol_. 2007;2007:52–59. * Koibuchi K, Nagasaki H, Yuasa A, Kataoka J, Kitamoto K.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a gene encoding glutaminase from _Aspergillus oryzae_. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000;54:59–68. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Jalil MB,

Abdul-Hussien ZR, Al-Hmudi HA. Isolation and identification of multi drug resistant biofilm producer _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ from patients with burn wound infection in basra province/iraq.

Int J Dev Res. 2018;7:17258–62. Google Scholar  * Kamali E, Jamali A, Ardebili A, Ezadi F, Mohebbi A. Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm forming potential, and the presence of

biofilm-related genes among clinical isolates of _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13:27. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Abu-Tahon M, Isaac G.

Purification, characterization and anticancer efficiency of L-glutaminase from Aspergillus flavus. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2019;65:284–92. Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors

thank the Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq; and the Head and staff members of the Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences,

University of Technology, and Dean College of Pharmacy, and Head Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia for support and encouragement during

the course of the study. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Likaa H. Mahdi & Rajwa H. Essa

* Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq Buthenia A. Hasoon & Ghassan M. Sulaiman * Department of Medicinal Chemistry and

Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia Hamdoon A. Mohammed * Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar

University, Cairo, Egypt Hamdoon A. Mohammed * Department of LASER and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq Kareem H. Jawad * Department of Dentistry, Bilad

Alrafidain University College, Diyala, 32001, Iraq Ali G. Al-Dulimi * Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan, 62001, Iraq Salim Albukhaty * College of

Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq Salim Albukhaty * Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Study (MRIIRS), Faridabad, HR, 121 001, India Riaz Khan

Authors * Likaa H. Mahdi View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Buthenia A. Hasoon View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ghassan M. Sulaiman View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Hamdoon A. Mohammed View author publications You

can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Kareem H. Jawad View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ali G. Al-Dulimi View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Rajwa H. Essa View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Salim

Albukhaty View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Riaz Khan View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google

Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Correspondence to Ghassan M. Sulaiman, Hamdoon A. Mohammed or Riaz Khan. ETHICS DECLARATIONS CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no competing interests.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY FILE RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the

author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Mahdi, L.H., Hasoon, B.A., Sulaiman, G.M. _et al._ Anti-microbial efficacy of l-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) against

multidrug-resistant _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ infection. _J Antibiot_ 77, 111–119 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-023-00678-z Download citation * Received: 09 April 2023 * Revised: 12

September 2023 * Accepted: 28 October 2023 * Published: 28 November 2023 * Issue Date: February 2024 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-023-00678-z SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the

following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer

Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative