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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The risk factors for metabolic syndrome may differ between Western and Asian countries due to their distinct dietary cultures. However, few studies have

directly compared macronutrient intake and its association with the risk of metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults using national survey data. SUBJECT/METHODS Based on the data from

the US and Korean versions of the 2007–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, KNHANES), a total of 3,324 American and 20,515 Korean adults were included. In both

countries, dietary intake was measured using a 24-h dietary recall method and metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III

criteria. RESULTS The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 50:16:33 in the US adults and 66:15:19 in the Korean adults. Regarding metabolic abnormalities,

Korean adults in the highest quintile of carbohydrate intake showed an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in men and women, with abnormalities of reduced HDL cholesterol and elevated

triglyceride levels. In contrast, the US men showed no significant association with metabolic syndrome and its abnormalities, while the US women showed an increased risk of reduced HDL

cholesterol and elevated triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS A high carbohydrate intake is associated with metabolic abnormalities. As Korean adults consume more carbohydrate than American adults,

stronger associations of dietary carbohydrate with metabolic syndrome were observed. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of different contributors to

developing metabolic disease in Western and Asian populations. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS

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institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METABOLIC SYNDROME AND DIETARY DIVERSITY IN THE RAFSANJAN

COHORT STUDY Article Open access 27 March 2025 MEAL-SPECIFIC DIETARY PATTERNS AND BIOMARKERS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE IN A SAMPLE OF IRANIAN ADULTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Article Open access

08 May 2023 DIFFERENT CARBOHYDRATE EXPOSURES AND WEIGHT GAIN—RESULTS FROM A POOLED ANALYSIS OF THREE POPULATION-BASED STUDIES Article Open access 06 May 2023 REFERENCES * Grundy SM, Brewer

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is carried out with the support of a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2017R1A2B1008420). AUTHOR

INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea Kyungho Ha & Hyojee Joung *

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT, 06269-4017, USA Kijoon Kim & Ock K. Chun * Major of Food and

Nutrition, School of Human Ecology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea YoonJu Song Authors * Kyungho Ha View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Kijoon Kim View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ock K. Chun View

author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Hyojee Joung View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * YoonJu

Song View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to YoonJu Song. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The

authors declare that they have no competing interests. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 1 SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE 2 RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS

ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Ha, K., Kim, K., Chun, O.K. _et al._ Differential association of dietary carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults: data from the

2007–2012 NHANES and KNHANES. _Eur J Clin Nutr_ 72, 848–860 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0031-8 Download citation * Received: 21 December 2016 * Revised: 04 May 2017 *

Accepted: 03 October 2017 * Published: 16 January 2018 * Issue Date: June 2018 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0031-8 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with

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