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ABSTRACT The relationships among immune cells, metabolites, and AS events were analyzed via Mendelian randomization (MR), and potential immune cells and metabolites were identified as risk

factors for AS. Their relationships were subjected to intermediary MR analysis to identify the final immune cells and metabolites. The vertebral bone marrow blood samples from three patients

with and without AS were subjected to 10× single-cell sequencing to further elucidate the role of immune cells in AS. The key genes were screened via expression quantitative trait loci

(eQTLs) and MR analyses. The metabolic differences between the two groups were compared through single-cell metabolism analysis. Two subgroups of differentiated (CD)8+ memory T cells and

naive B cells were obtained from the combined results of intermediary MR analysis and AS single-cell analysis. After the verification of key genes, inorganic pyrophosphatase 1 (PPA1) was

identified as the hub gene, as it is differentially expressed in CD8+ memory T cells and can affect the metabolism of T cells in AS by affecting the expression of ferulic acid (FA)4 sulfate,

which participates in the cellular immunity in AS. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS

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institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS THE SHARED ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Article 25 July 2024 ANALYSIS OF M6A REGULATORS RELATED IMMUNE CHARACTERISTICS IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS BY INTEGRATED BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGIES Article Open access 01

February 2024 SINGLE-CELL RNA SEQUENCING REVEALS MULTIPLE IMMUNE CELL SUBPOPULATIONS PROMOTE THE FORMATION OF ABNORMAL BONE MICROENVIRONMENT IN OSTEOPOROSIS Article Open access 27 November

2024 DATA AVAILABILITY The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. REFERENCES * Drosos AA,

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and axial spondyloarthritis. JCI insight. 2024;9(16)e174776. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.174776. Download references FUNDING This study was supported by the National Natural Science

Foundation of China(Grant/Award number: 8236090175), Joint Project on Regional High-Incidence Diseases Research of Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Grant/Award number: 2023JJA140227), The

“Medical Excellence Award” Funded by the Creative Research Development Grant from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, and Guangxi Young and Middle aged Teacher’s

Basic Ability Promoting Project(Grant/Award Number: 2023KY0115). AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * These authors contributed equally: Tianyou Chen, Chengqian Huang. AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS

* The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China Tianyou Chen, Chengqian Huang, Jiarui Chen, Jiang

Xue, Zhenwei Yang, Yihan Wang, Songze Wu, Wendi Wei, Liyi Chen, Shian Liao, Xiaopeng Qin, Rongqing He, Boli Qin & Chong Liu Authors * Tianyou Chen View author publications You can also

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Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS Conceptualization: Tianyou Chen, Chong Liu; Methodology: Tianyou Chen, Chengqian Huang; Formal analysis and investigation: Jiang Xue; Validation and Writing -

original draft preparation: Jiarui Chen; Writing - review and editing: Tianyou Chen, Chengqian Huang, Chong Liu; Funding acquisition: Chong Liu; Data curation: Zhenwei Yang, Yihan Wang,

Songze Wu; Resources: Wendi Wei, Liyi Chen, Shian Liao; Software: Xiaopeng Qin, Rongqing He; Supervision: Chong Liu; Visualization: Boli Qin. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Chong

Liu. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION All authors are aware of and agree to the publication of this study. ETHICAL

APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE The study was approved by the ethics review board of First Affiliated Hospital Of Guangxi Medical University Ethical Review Committee (Approval No.

2024-E205-01) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from

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