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Download PDF Article Open access Published: 01 March 2023 Microwave-assisted synthesis of metal-organic chalcogenolate assemblies as electrocatalysts for syngas production Hannah Rabl 

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1720-02231, Stephen Nagaraju Myakala1, Jakob Rath  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-66681, Bernhard Fickl  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0417-39911, Jasmin S. Schubert

  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1292-84851, Dogukan H. Apaydin  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1075-88571 & …Dominik Eder1 Show authors Communications Chemistry volume 6, Article number: 43 (2023)

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Today, many essential industrial processes depend on syngas. Due to a high energy demand and overall cost as well as a dependence on natural gas as its precursor, alternative routes to

produce this valuable mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide are urgently needed. Electrochemical syngas production via two competing processes, namely carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and

hydrogen (H2) evolution, is a promising method. Often, noble metal catalysts such as gold or silver are used, but those metals are costly and have limited availability. Here, we show that

metal-organic chalcogenolate assemblies (MOCHAs) combine several properties of successful electrocatalysts. We report a scalable microwave-assisted synthesis method for highly crystalline

MOCHAs ([AgXPh] ∞: X = Se, S) with high yields. The morphology, crystallinity, chemical and structural stability are thoroughly studied. We investigate tuneable syngas production via

electrocatalytic CO2 reduction and find the MOCHAs show a maximum Faraday efficiency (FE) of 55 and 45% for the production of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, respectively.

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alloy catalyst Article 28 February 2025 Introduction

Syngas is a widely used gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Today´s population is highly dependent on syngas as it is used as a precursor to many essential chemicals, including

bulk chemical intermediates such as methanol, thus being relevant for the production of polymers and pharmaceuticals1,2,3,4. Thanks to the development of Fischer–Tropsch process, syngas can

be considered a potential source of synfuels and synthetic petroleum5,6,7. Furthermore, syngas is a valuable good due to its high hydrogen content. Hydrogen is known for its good power

generation capabilities2,8. It is advantageous, as it provides the highest energy per unit mass of all known fuels and does not lead to CO2 emissions upon combustion3,9. Another use of

hydrogen is its capability in saturating double bonds and acting as a reducing agent2. Hydrogen is also essential in the Haber Bosch process for ammonia synthesis2,10. Syngas is, therefore

indispensable for the world’s food supply, as approximately 88% of ammonia is used in fertilizers10. Nowadays, Syngas is mainly produced via three processes: steam reforming2,11,12,13,

partial oxidation2, or thermal decomposition3. All three processes however require high temperatures and pressures, fossil fuel precursors, and rare and expensive metal

catalysts2,3,12,13,14. Thus, alternative synthesis routes for syngas production are of great need. Besides using biomass14,15,16, thermocycles1,17,18,19,20,21 or photocatalysis1,22,23,

electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO and H2 is a promising syngas production method1,24,25,26,27,28,29. So far various metals, alloys, metal oxides, and metal-chalcogenide catalysts have been

tested30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47. Silver shows high selectivity towards CO due to its lower binding energy towards CO intermediate, making a further reduction to

hydrocarbons hardly possible31. Silver-chalcogenides, including Ag2Se and Ag2S were recently reported as highly efficient catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR)48,49.

Optimization of selectivity, efficiency and cost of suitable catalysts for electrochemical CO2RR and syngas production is still a huge challenge in the field30,36.

In 2002 Cuthbert et al. reported the space group and structural alignment of an organic-inorganic 2D hybrid material consisting of silver metal centres with coordination to a chalcogenide

covalently binding to phenyl rings50. This coordination polymer was named Mithrene ([AgSePh]∞) by the group of Nathan Hohman in 2018. Since then, the Hohman group has done extensive research

on the synthesis, characterization and the properties of these metal organic chalcogenolate assemblies (MOCHAs)51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59. In 2020 they introduced the so-called tarnishing

approach and a biphasic synthesis of MOCHAs52,53,60. Tarnishing is based on the reaction of a diphenyl dichalcogenide precursor with a metal substrate at slightly elevated temperatures. This

method requires highly pure metal substrates or metal films as precursors. A MOCHA film bound to the substrate obtained via this method limits the use of various substrates for growing

MOCHA films. In addition, such metal thin films require a physical vapour deposition setup which is not a common laboratory infrastructure. Furthermore, it was shown that the reaction of

diphenyl dichalcogenides with silver oxide did not lead to MOCHA formation. Silver oxide formed MOCHAs only with benzeneselenol or -thiol precursors. These reactants however, are highly

toxic and thus their handling and utilization should be kept to a minimum. Crystallographic and optical studies on MOCHAs in particular on the silver benzeneselenolate MOCHA “Mithrene” have

been carried out since then51,53,54,55,57,61,62,63,64. However, either the quantities are very low (biphasic synthesis) or MOCHA film thickness (tarnishing method) does not exceed 20 nm.

Such limitations seem to hinder further applications of MOCHAs.

We developed a microwave-assisted process for metal organic chalcogenolate assemblies that is capable to shorten the synthesis time from 3 days to only 1–5 h and increases the absolute yield

of the material by a factor of ~100 compared to the biphasic synthesis method suggested by Schriber et al. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of [AgSePh]∞ and [AgSPh]∞ for

electrocatalytic syngas production. In addition to catalytic studies, we perform long-term stability studies of MOCHAs in various environments.

structural characterization of MOCHAs

So far, different synthesis methods for MOCHAs did not result in high yields, which hinder further use of MOCHAs. Here we report a new and more advantageous approach for MOCHA synthesis with

a microwave reactor using a suspension. Consequently, product isolation is easily achieved by filtration and consecutive washing and drying of the powder. Furthermore, we were able to

achieve yields up to 83% (taking a molecular weight of 264 g mol−1 for [AgSePh]∞, as suggested by Schriber et al.51), where the absolute amount obtained (110 mg) is only limited by the

reactor size. Another advantage of this routes is that the microwave synthesis does not require the use of toxic and smelly precursors (e.g., thiophenol, benzeneselenol)51 or the use of high

purity metals52.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the successful synthesis of Mithrene ([AgSePh]∞) and Thiorene ([AgSPh]∞) (Fig. 1a, b). Note that the XRD pattern

exhibits three characteristic peaks corresponding to the {002}, {004}, and {006} planes, respectively51,59. We were interested in reducing the synthesis time, which is why we performed MOCHA

synthesis via a microwave assisted method for 1, 3, 5, and 14 h. We obtain the same characteristic pattern using microwave synthesis at 110 °C with all tested durations (Fig. 1c). We also

employed hydrothermal synthesis at 150 °C as an alternative synthetic route. However, hydrothermal synthesis yielded products only after 72 h, manifesting again the advantage of microwave

synthesis, where only 1 h was required. This suggests that the reaction between AgNO3 and diphenyldichalcogene (the precursors) has thermal/kinetic limitations. Microwave synthesis is, in

general, known to increase the reaction rate, which helps to break the limitations by introducing a more uniform heating throughout the reaction vessel, decreasing the reaction time

tremendously65. ATR-FTIR measurements can help to reveal eventual impurities. An incomplete reaction, for instance, would result in a prominent band at around 2305 cm−1, corresponding to the

benzeneselenol or benzenethiol species. As we do not observe any bands at 2305 cm−1 (Fig. S1) we conclude that the powders contain only the products. Both MOCHA samples display similar

vibrations as they can be attributed mainly to the aromatic network in [AgSePh]∞ and [AgSPh]∞. At 1434, 1471, and 1572 cm−1, aromatic C–C stretches are observed. Vibrations at 995, 1018, and

1067 cm−1 correspond to C–H in plane stretching while C–H aromatic out of plane vibrations can be seen at lower wavenumbers around 615, 688, 725, and 738 cm−1. Our measurements are in good

agreement with literature spectra66.

a SEM image of [AgSePh]∞ MOCHA, b SEM image of [AgSPh]∞ MOCHA. c XRD pattern of [AgSePh]∞ after various synthesis durations. d UV–Vis-DRS spectra of [AgSePh]∞ and [AgSPh]∞.

image

The band gap energies of [AgSePh]∞ and [AgSPh]∞ were measured via UV-Vis-DRS (Fig. 1d) and calculated as 2.7 and 3.4 eV, respectively. The difference in bandgap can be traced back to the

structural difference between [AgSePh]∞ and [AgSPh]∞. In [AgSePh]∞ Ag–Ag network is trigonal, whereas in [AgSPh]∞ the Ag-Ag network is part of a linear chain51. Thus, excitons are eventually

delocalized in two dimensions above and below the silver network in [AgSePh]∞, causing absorption and emissive behaviour. [AgSPh]∞ on the other hand, does not exhibit a delocalization of

excitons in two dimensions due to Ag-Ag linear chains, causing a lack of emission in the visible range for [AgSPh]∞.

Further characterization results, including energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) (Fig. S2) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Fig. S3) data can be found in the supplementary information in

Supplementary Table 1. These measurements focussed on the determination of elemental ratio in MOCHAs. EDX measurements lead to overestimation of carbon content by 10% (atomic) and

underestimated the metal to chalcogenide ratio. XPS measurements of both MOCHAs showed results that are in good agreement to theoretical calculations.

The MOCHAs were deposited on carbon paper comparing various techniques, including drop-casting, spin-coating, dip-coating, and simple painting. The effect of the deposition technique on the

substrate coverage was investigated using SEM. As seen in Fig. 2, drop-casting led to a full coverage of CP, spin-coating gave a rather poor coverage. Painting and dip-coating resulted in

comparable amounts of MOCHA on CP. However, dip-coating yielded more reproducible results compared to painting. Hence, dip-coating was chosen as our standard approach for electrode

preparation.

Deposition obtained via a dropcasting, b spin coating, c dipcoating and d painting.

MOCHAs are chemically and structurally stable, when stored in dark at room temperature52,53. We further investigated their stability in harsher environments/conditions, using [AgSePh]∞ films

deposited onto a Si substrate (for ease of characterization) and polycrystalline [AgSePh]∞ powder. For the sake of brevity, we only display the results of the stability tests in organic

solvents (Fig. 3). Results of further stability tests can be found in Supplementary Information (Figs. S4–S6). Variations of pH exposure showed no change in structural or morphological

appearance of [AgSePh]∞ from pH 0 to 9. The size and shape of [AgSePh]∞ crystals remained unchanged, and the powder XRD pattern displayed the three characteristic peaks. We conclude that

[AgSePh]∞ is stable in acidic and basic conditions. Exposure of [AgSePh]∞ to various temperatures in the range of −25 to 120 °C was investigated as well. The results are shown in Fig. S5. We

do not observe any change in shape, morphology, or size of the crystals by means of SEM. Also, the XRD pattern confirmed no structural changes to the unexposed [AgSePh]∞ pattern.

Stability test results performed on [AgSePh]∞ in various solvents at room temperature for one week.

a–d SEM images of Si-substrates with [AgSePh]∞ MOCHA after stability testing. XRD pattern of e substrate+MOCHA after testing in EtAc, IPA, MeOH, and f of the substrate and solution after

testing in DMF.

Stability tests upon light illumination with different wavelengths (365 nm, 456 nm, Solar Simulator) showed that [AgSePh]∞ powder turned from a bright yellow colour before illumination into

a darker brownish-yellow powder upon illumination times longer than 24 h. (Illumination was performed from 10 min until 72 h). This colour change was retained even after months of storing.

However, no changes were observed in XRD. Thus, we can conclude that the synthesized MOCHAs are highly stable upon light illumination.

Initial inspection of the Si substrate immersed in DMF showed no traces of [AgSePh]∞ (see Fig. 3a). However, it was noted that the DMF solution turned yellowish. After evaporation of the

DMF, a yellow residue remained. XRD pattern of this residue showed the three characteristic peaks of [AgSePh]∞ corresponding to the {002}, {004}, and {006} planes. This implies, DMF does not

alter the chemical and structural composition of [AgSePh]∞. DMF leads only to lifting-off of [AgSePh]∞ from the surface.

In the other tested solvents (ethyl acetate, isopropanol and methanol) No lift-off of [AgSePh]∞ could be seen even after being immersed for one week (Fig. 3b–d) and their stability is

confirmed by the measured XRD pattern (Fig. 3e).

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction was performed at three different potentials (−0.6, −0.8, and −1.0 V vs. RHE) for 30 min. Each experiment was done a minimum of two times, with their average

values shown in Fig. 4. The products were analyzed by means of gas chromatography. The faradaic efficiency (FE) and rate of the products CO and H2 is given for these electrodes: bare carbon

paper, [AgSePh]∞ on carbon paper, [AgSPh]∞ on carbon paper, (CP, [AgSePh]∞/CP and [AgSPh]∞/CP) in Fig. 4.

a Faraday efficiencies and b rates for the products CO and H2 obtained with three different electrodes (CP, [AgSePh]/CP, [AgSPh]/CP) at three different potentials (−1.0 V, −0.8 V, −0.6 V vs.

RHE). Error bars (black for H2 and white for CO) correspond to the fluctuations of the detected amount of product.

The bare CP electrode at all potentials produced only H2. For MOCHA/CP electrodes, the combined product formation (CO and H2) also decreased with decreasing potential, due to the lower

energy input and thus less help in overcoming the activation barrier. However, a distinct behaviour can be noted when comparing the ratio of CO to H2. While both FECO and CO rate decreased

with decreasing potentials, FEH2 increased and H2 rate decreased. Thus, the CO:H2 ratio was in favour of CO @−1.0 V vs. RHE, and in favour of hydrogen at potentials lower or equal to −0.8 V

vs. RHE. At −1.0 V vs. RHE both MOCHA electrodes achieved 55% FECO. Their rates, however, showed distinct behaviour. A rate of 61 µmol h−1 CO was obtained with [AgSePh]∞/CP, while

[AgSPh]∞/CP achieved 85 µmol h−1 CO. Faraday efficiency and rate for carbon monoxide were clearly higher in the case of [AgSPh]∞ electrode compared to [AgSePh]∞ at −0.8 V vs. RHE. With

[AgSPh]∞/CP 37% FECO and 21 µmol h−1 CO were obtained whilst [AgSePh]∞/CP only reached 6% FECO and 2 µmol h−1. From these observations we conclude that [AgSPh]∞ can be considered as a more

selective catalyst for CO2RR to CO with a higher performance compared to [AgSePh]∞. On average [AgSPh]∞ produced more CO per hour (an additional 17 µmol) compared to [AgSePh]∞. At −0.6 V vs.

RHE with both electrodes almost no CO could be detected, and also hydrogen rate was rather low reaching only values up to 40 µmol h−1.

Notably, overall Faraday efficiencies lay below 100% at lower overpotentials (−0.6 V). An explanation for that could be an unsaturated electrolyte. Although the solubility of the products

hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the electrolyte 0.5 M KHCO3 is low, a saturation of the liquid has to be obtained before the gas phase is filled. When taking a sample from the head space

(gas phase) at low potentials, oversaturation in the liquid phase might not have been achieved, leading to a reduced Faraday Efficiency.

Comparing MOCHAs to similar literature examples proved to be a challenging task as such material class has not been shown before for catalysis. We see silver chalcogenides as fitting

counterparts for the performance comparison. [AgSPh]∞ was compared to Ag2S on carbonaceous electrode substrates as a reference, which reached FECO values up to 67%49. Ma et al. investigated

the difference in CO2 reduction performance between monoclinic (m) and orthorhombic (o) Ag2Se catalysts48. They found, that m-Ag2Se was clearly favouring CO formation compared to o-Ag2Se.

[AgSePh]∞ electrode showed a 15% higher FECO compared to their o-Ag2Se electrode. As [AgSePh]∞ MOCHA, however; crystallizes in a monoclinic space group, comparison to m- Ag2Se (FECO 98%@−0.9

 V vs. RHE48) is a fair comparison. Silver chalcogenides lead to a high CO:H2 ratio, whereas MOCHAs are able to produce a well-suited ratio of 1:1 for syngas production.

Electrocatalytic CO2RR in aqueous environment is accompanied by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to the simultaneous reduction of water (or protons H+) and CO2. The following two

reactions ocurr:27

{{E}}_{0}=-0.53\,{{{{{\rm{V}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{vs}}}}}}.{{{{{\rm{SHE}}}}}}\end{array}$$ (1) $$\begin{array}{cc}2{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}^{+}+2{e}^{-}\rightleftarrows {{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}_{2} &

{{E}}_{0}=0.42\,{{{{{\rm{V}}}}}}\; {{{{{\rm{vs}}}}}}.{{{{{\rm{SHE}}}}}}\end{array}$$ (2)

By producing Syngas electrocatalytically, the drawback of a competing reaction can be bypassed and the HER fully integrated in the use. Another advantage of electrocatalytic Syngas

production compared to other Syngas production techniques, including solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), steam reforming and thermocycles is its room temperature application1,2,13,25.

Electrocatalytic syngas production is thus a cost effective, environmentally friendly alternative for producing Syngas. However, the finding and development of cheap and suitable catalysts

is still a huge challenge in the field. A summary of potential catalysts and their Faraday Efficiencies, current densities, and experimental parameters is summarized in Table 1. and compared

to the results obtained with MOCHA/CP electrodes.

To further study the stability/evolution of MOCHAs in detail, the electrodes were investigated before and after electrolysis. Dip-coated MOCHA/CP electrodes were sonicated in isopropanol

after catalytic testing. The obtained MOCHA residue was examined by SEM and XRD (Supplementary Fig. 7). The measurements reveal that [AgSePh]∞ and [AgSPh]∞ were both present on the carbon

paper electrode after electrolysis without any structural changes. Next the Recyclability of [AgSePh]∞/CP electrode was studied. We performed four consequent cycles of electrolysis at −1.0 V

vs. RHE. The rates of CO and H2 obtained in each run are summarized in Fig. 5.

Results obtained with a [AgSePh]∞/CP electrode at −1.0 V vs. RHE after using it four times consecutively.

The CO formation rate decreased from 85 µmol h−1 (1st run) to 67 µmol h−1 upon consecutive electrolyses which corresponds to a ~21% decrease in activity. Exact mechanism of deactivation is

subject to further studies.

We developed a new, high-yield microwave assisted synthesis method for Metal Organic Chalcogenolate Assemblies. We report a MOCHA synthesis with a yield of 83 w% where the MOCHA is obtained

as a powder, enabling a wide variety of characterization, application and handling possibilities with this 2D material. Compared to previously reported methods, the microwave synthesis can

compete in terms of reaction time63 or even shorten them (comparison to tarnishing52 and biphasic method53,59). Furthermore, we could circumvent the use of toxic (thiophenol, selenophenol)

precursors. The synthesis we report here requires no tedious sample separation. Stability measurements indicate that MOCHAs are stable in various solvents, temperature range and pH media as

well as upon light irradiation. Electrocatalytic Syngas production was successfully performed with [AgSePh]∞ and [AgSPh]∞ electrodes. Faraday efficiencies and rates up to 55% and 81 µmol h−1

CO respectively, show that MOCHAs have a huge potential for electrochemical Syngas production. Further studies will focus on the underlying mechanism and the working principle of MOCHAs in

electrocatalytic CO2RR.

Unless stated otherwise all chemicals were used as received.

MOCHAs were fabricated in an Anton Parr Monowave 300 Microwave Synthesis Reactor. 0.5 mmol AgNO3 (abcr, 99.9%) were dissolved in 2 mL H2O. 0.75 mmol of the diphenyl dichalcogenide (DPDS,

DPDSe) (Acros Organics, 99%) were dissolved in 5 mL methanol by sonicating the suspension for 45 min in an ultrasonic bath. These two solutions were combined in the microwave vial which was

closed and heat by microwave irradiation at 110 °C for 5 h under continuous stirring at 600 rpm. The obtained MOCHA was rinsed and washed with methanol by vacuum filtration and stored in a

drying oven at 40 °C for 24 h.

100 mg of the MOCHA ([AgSePh]∞ or [AgSPh] ∞) were suspended in a mixture of 9.5 mL isopropanol (technical) and 500 µL NafionTM (Sigma Aldrich, 5 w% in aliphatic alcohols and water) by 30 min

sonication.

Toray Carbon Paper (Thermo Fisher Scientific TGP-H-60, 45356.KS) was cut into 2 × 1 cm pieces and used without further treatment. The CP was dip coated with the “ink” for 24 h. After

removing from the ink the electrodes were rinsed with isopropanol (technical) and dried.

Electrochemical measurements were performed in a custom-designed H-cell (Perfectlight). 0.5 M KHCO3 was used as an electrolyte for all electrochemical measurements. The electrolyte was

sparged with N2 or CO2 until saturation before usage. The cathodic side was equipped with a stirring bar and the working electrode (CP, [AgSePh]∞/CP, [AgSPh]∞/CP) and the headspace was

purged for an additional 30 min with CO2 before electrolysis. Ag/AgCl in 3 M KCl was used as the reference electrode whereas a platinum electrode served as the counter electrode. For

electrolysis a constant potential of −1.0, −0.8, −0.6 V vs. RHE was applied for 30 min.

The chosen irradiation wavelengths and lamps were a Thorlabs UV-lamp (365 nm), a Kessil (PR160) 456 nm lamp and a solar simulator. Stability tests at different temperatures and illuminations

were carried out on powder samples of [AgSePh]∞ placed in a glass vial. Testing in different organic solvents and pH media was done on [AgSePh]∞ films. The films were obtained via ink

preparation (see 4.2 “Ink preparation”) followed by drop-casting the ink onto a Si (711) substrate.

ATR-FTIR spectra were taken on a Bruker Tensor 27 instrument in the range of 4000–600 cm−1. Prior a background spectrum of air was taken and directly subtracted from the measurement

spectrum.

DRS measurements were recorded on a JASCO V-670 Spectrophotometer in a wavelength range from 200 to 900 nm. MgSO4 (Sigma Aldrich, >99.5%) was used as baseline.

SEM and EDX images and spectra were taken on a FEI Quanta FEG 250. SEM measurements were performed with an acceleration voltage of 10 kV and a working distance of 10 mm. For EDX measurements

an Octane Elite Super detector was used. Spectra were recorded using an acceleration voltage of 20 kV, a resolution of 125.2 eV and a take-off angle of 31.7°.

All measurements were carried out on a custom-built SPECS XPS-spectrometer equipped with a monochromatised Al-Kα X-ray source (µFocus 350) and a hemispherical WAL-150 analyzer (acceptance

angle: 60°). All samples were mounted onto the sample holder using double-sided carbon tape. Pass energies of 100 eV and energy resolutions of 1 eV were used for the survey (excitation

energy: 1486.6 eV, beam energy and spot size: 70 W onto 400 μm, angle: 51° to sample surface normal, base pressure: 5 × 10−10 mbar, pressure during measurements: 2 × 10−9 mbar). Data

analysis was performed using CASA XPS software, employing transmission corrections (as per the instrument vendor’s specifications), Shirley/Tougaard backgrounds67,68 and Scofield sensitivity

factors69. Charge correction was applied so the adventitious carbon peak (C–C peak) was shifted to 284.8 eV binding energy (BE). All content values shown are in units of relative atomic

percent (at%), where the detection limit in survey measurements usually lies around 0.1–1 at%, depending on the element. The accuracy of XPS measurements is around 10–20% of the values

shown. Assignment of different components was primarily done using Reference databases70,71.

Powder XRD pattern were recorded on a PANalytical X´Pert Pro multi-purpose diffractometer (MPD) in Bragg Brentano geometry. The 2θ ranges were set between 5 and 90 degrees and a scan rate of

4° min−1 was applied. The anode material was copper, leading to the emission of CuKα and CuKβ radiation (ratio 2:1) with a wavelength of 1.5406 Å.

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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We are grateful to the AIC, USTEM, and X-Ray Centre of TU Wien for providing their facilities. The authors acknowledge TU Wien Bibliothek for financial support through its Open Access

Funding Program.

Author informationAuthors and Affiliations Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria

Hannah Rabl, Stephen Nagaraju Myakala, Jakob Rath, Bernhard Fickl, Jasmin S. Schubert, Dogukan H. Apaydin & Dominik Eder

AuthorsHannah RablView author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Stephen Nagaraju MyakalaView author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Jakob RathView author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Bernhard FicklView author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Jasmin S. SchubertView author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Dogukan H. ApaydinView author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Dominik EderView author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

H.R. synthesized the compounds, performed the electrolyses, performed structural characterization, analyzed the catalytic performance and wrote the manuscript. S.N.M. performed SEM and EDX

measurements. J.R., B.F., and J.S.S. performed XPS measurements. D.H.A. conceptualized and supervised the research and wrote the manuscript together with H.R. using the comments from all

co-authors. D.E. coordinated the project, provided resources and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

Corresponding author Correspondence to Dogukan H. Apaydin.

All authors declare no competing interests.

Communications Chemistry thanks Luis De Jesus and the other, anonymous, reviewer for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.

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About this articleCite this article Rabl, H., Myakala, S.N., Rath, J. et al. Microwave-assisted synthesis of metal-organic chalcogenolate assemblies as electrocatalysts for syngas

production. Commun Chem 6, 43 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-00843-3

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Received: 31 October 2022

Accepted: 17 February 2023

Published: 01 March 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-00843-3

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