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In a recent interview, the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky asked a simple yet profound question: Why this cruelty? Are Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity in Ukraine simply

a further illustration of the inevitable barbarism of warfare? Only what might be expected from past experience of Russian army brutality? Yet there was something pathetic in the sight of a

downcast young Russian soldier on trial last week, the first no doubt of many, pleading guilty to murdering a Ukrainian civilian. Even the mother of the victim felt sorry for the young man,

though she said she could never forgive him. We have become accustomed to hearing Zelensky’s voice from war-torn Ukraine, the consistency of his appeals for help and his defiant courage. So

listening to him in translation when he was beamed into Chatham House, the international affairs think-tank, seemed nothing unusual. Though Zelensky’s reflections on the reason for the war

crimes committed by Russian troops against Ukrainian civilians were unexpected. Zelensky believes that Putin’s flood of propaganda during the eight years since the annexation of Crimea and

the beginning of the war in Ukraine’s Donetsk and Luhansk region has had a profound effect. Russian war crimes were both “a victory” and a “collective witness” for the success of Russian

propaganda and psyops. Many of the soldiers committing the atrocities would have been 10-12 years old in 2014 and since then have been exposed to unremitting lies and hate speech. The

problem was getting hateful ideas out of soldiers’ minds, “cleansing this propaganda” once it was implanted. “Goebbels is a child compared to the adults in the Kremlin machine hunting a

whole nation”, was his well-chosen comparison. That Zelensky is Jewish himself made his reflections all the more powerful. Zelensky’s sense of the power of propaganda can be applied to other

mass crimes in other countries. The vicious anti-Tutsi propaganda in the months leading up to the 1994 Rwandan genocide, broadcast by Radio Libre des Mille Collines which was controlled by

Hutu extremists, contributed significantly to the massacres. The Tutsi were dehumanised, called _inyenzi_, cockroaches — as, of course, were Jews during the build-up to the Holocaust. The

Catholic Church in Rwanda (unlike many other mainly Catholic countries) did not have a radio station able to combat the poisonous ethnic propaganda — even assuming it would have done so.

Pope Francis has acknowledged that the Church failed the Tutsis and has asked their forgiveness. The active promotion of hate-speech and falsehood by governments, authoritarian or racist, is

one thing. That by non-state actors is another. In liberal democratic States, the State has the apparatus to counter extremist hate-speech whether white supremacist or tending towards

jihadism. Whether or not it is used effectively, with dog-whistle “othering” of minority ethnic groups or migrants for political purposes outlawed, is another matter. And Zelensky’s

reflections raise the question of how a political culture of lies can be combated, the role of journalists and social media, at what point cracks appear and the public realise they have been

taken for fools? The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, a client State, suggests some answers. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, it claimed that it was defending the 1978

April Afghan revolution to bring “liberty, fraternity and equality” to the Afghan people, who needed the support of “warrior-internationalist” Soviet troops and air-power. Thanks to the

CIA’s Operation Cyclone providing the Afghan mujahideen via Pakistan with increasingly sophisticated weaponry (from September 1986 onwards the US delivered 2,300 Stinger surface to air

missiles — shades of the future Ukraine) the war dragged on until the Soviet withdrawal in 1989. While the probable number of Afghan deaths was between 600,000 and 1.5 million, crucially

some 15,000 Soviet troops had died. Within four years of the invasion Russian public opinion was turning against the war. Pre-Putin Russia was getting uncensored reports from bereaved

mothers and news media, domestic and international. In his book _Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-1989_, the former British Ambassador Sir Rodric Braithwaite estimates that Soviet

Russia brought 6,412 criminal charges against its own troops, including 714 of murdering civilians; the rest related to drugs and weapons sales. (There was also much cover-up.) The common

excuse for these war crimes was retaliation for the mujahideen’s own use of torture and their violation of the rules of war. Captured Soviet troops sometimes killed themselves rather than

fall into mujahideen hands. “Even senior officers could be punished for allowing their troops to commit excesses”, Braithwaite claims. For example, the commander of the 191st Independent

Motor-rifle Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Kravchenko, was court-martialed and sentenced to ten years after Afghan prisoners were shot. Orchestrated hate requires a conductor of the orchestra.

Enter Vladimir Putin. Prime Minister 1999, President 2000-2008, Prime Minister again from 2008-2012, and then again President to date, Putin’s influence soon became apparent. During the

second war in Chechnya, 1999-2009, Amnesty, Human Rights Watch and the European Court of Human Rights all found that no official had ever been tried for the enforced disappearance of between

3,000 and 5,000 Chechens, or charged with any of the estimated 60,000 Chechen deaths. Grozny, Chechnya’s main city, had been flattened, as Aleppo and Mariupol would be later. There are no

signs that Putin will be submitting troops who have committed war crimes to courts martial or punishment in Ukraine. On the contrary, the Russian Parliament is talking about trying Ukrainian

troops surrendering from Mariupol for war crimes, labelling them as “Nazis”. Putin and his coterie deny and condone Russian military atrocities. “They hate life”, Zelensky told Chatham

House. And hate, history tells us, is easier to conjure up than love. Soldiers sometimes talk of an overwhelming blood-lust after comrades-in-arms have been killed or tortured. Add the

ruthless brutality of a leader whose sensibilities have been honed in the old KGB. Add years of conditioning Russian society for hate, shutting down all uncensored sources of news, and you

have mass graves again. With perhaps worse to follow. A MESSAGE FROM THEARTICLE _We are the only publication that’s committed to covering every angle. We have an important contribution to

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