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ABSTRACT Hippocampal place cells encode spatial information in rate and temporal codes. To examine the mechanisms underlying hippocampal coding, here we measured the intracellular dynamics

of place cells by combining _in vivo_ whole-cell recordings with a virtual-reality system. Head-restrained mice, running on a spherical treadmill, interacted with a computer-generated visual

environment to perform spatial behaviours. Robust place-cell activity was present during movement along a virtual linear track. From whole-cell recordings, we identified three subthreshold

signatures of place fields: an asymmetric ramp-like depolarization of the baseline membrane potential, an increase in the amplitude of intracellular theta oscillations, and a phase

precession of the intracellular theta oscillation relative to the extracellularly recorded theta rhythm. These intracellular dynamics underlie the primary features of place-cell rate and

temporal codes. The virtual-reality system developed here will enable new experimental approaches to study the neural circuits underlying navigation. Access through your institution Buy or

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EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT CONTEXTUAL CODES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS Article 22 March 2021 HIPPOCAMPAL PLACE CODES ARE GATED BY BEHAVIORAL ENGAGEMENT Article Open access 21 April 2022 REMAPPING

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_Brain Res._ 287, 139–171 (1983) Article  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank E. Chaffin for help with mouse behaviour, J. Carmack and id Software for providing the

Quake2 code, A. Shishlov for programming advice, G. Buzsaki, J. Magee, H. Dahmen and D. Markowitz for discussions, and C. Brody, M. Berry and E. Civillico for comments on the manuscript.

This work was supported by the NIH (1R01MH083686-01, 5R01MH060651-09), a Helen Hay Whitney Fellowship (to C.D.H.), and a Patterson Trust Fellowship (to D.A.D.). AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS C.D.H.

performed behaviour and intracellular recording experiments with technical assistance from D.A.D. C.D.H. and D.A.D. performed extracellular recording experiments. F.C., D.A.D. and D.W.T.

designed, and C.D.H., F.C. and D.W.T. implemented, the virtual-reality instrumentation. F.C. performed virtual-reality software development. C.D.H. analysed all data with strategy and

methods contributions from all authors. C.D.H. and D.W.T. wrote the paper. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Princeton Neuroscience Institute,, Christopher D. Harvey, Forrest

Collman, Daniel A. Dombeck & David W. Tank * Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics,, Christopher D. Harvey, Forrest Collman, Daniel A. Dombeck & David W. Tank * Department

of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, Christopher D. Harvey, Forrest Collman, Daniel A. Dombeck & David W. Tank Authors * Christopher D. Harvey

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Forrest Collman View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar *

Daniel A. Dombeck View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * David W. Tank View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed 

Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to David W. Tank. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-12 and legends. (PDF 3729 kb)

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and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Harvey, C., Collman, F., Dombeck, D. _et al._ Intracellular dynamics of hippocampal place cells during virtual navigation. _Nature_ 461,

941–946 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08499 Download citation * Received: 08 July 2009 * Accepted: 15 September 2009 * Issue Date: 15 October 2009 * DOI:

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