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ABSTRACT STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional, age- and gender-matched study was conducted to investigate the effects of different forms of nicotine delivery on salivary lipid profiles among young

adult novice smokers compared to non-smokers. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of smoking traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and heated tobacco products (HTPs) on the levels of specific

sphingolipids (sphingosine, sphinganine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate), various ceramides, and lipid peroxidation products [malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)] in both

unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples collected from healthy young adults who had been smoking for 1-3 years and used only 1 of the 3 nicotine delivering methods. METHODS Selection

criteria included healthy young adults under 30 years old, with normal BMI and typical diet composition, and with no oral inflammatory lesions, orthodontic/dental appliances, or recent

intake of medications or supplements. A total of 75 smokers and 25 non-smokers were enrolled in the study. Smokers were categorized into three groups, each comprising 25 individuals:

traditional cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and HTPs smokers. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed for sphingolipid concentrations using ultra-high-performance liquid

chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of MDA and 4-HNE were measured using colorimetric and ELISA assays, respectively. RESULTS The average smoking intensity in the

traditional cigarette group was 10 cigarettes per day. Salivary sphingolipid and ceramides concentrations were significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers across all nicotine

delivery methods (p < 0.0001). Moreover, traditional cigarette smokers exhibited higher levels of 4-HNE and MDA in both stimulated and unstimulated saliva, compared to non-smokers (p <

 0.01). In stimulated saliva, both MDA and 4-HNE in e-cigarette users, and MDA in HTPs users, showed significantly lower concentrations than their comparators in traditional cigarette

smokers (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Different nicotine delivery methods impact salivary lipid profile during the initial period of smoking habit. Reduced sphingolipids and elevated lipid

peroxidation products suggest a disturbed lipid balance in the oral cavity due to enhanced oxidative stress within the salivary glands of novice smokers. Access through your institution Buy

or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution RELEVANT ARTICLES Open Access articles citing this article. * ORAL HEALTH RISKS IN ADULTS WHO USE

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calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support REFERENCES * Fineide F, Chen X, Bjellaas

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Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq Omer Waleed Majid Authors

* Omer Waleed Majid View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Omer Waleed Majid. ETHICS DECLARATIONS

COMPETING INTERESTS The author declares no competing interests. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps

and institutional affiliations. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Majid, O.W. Salivary lipid changes in young adult tobacco smokers and

e-cigarette users: a hidden risk to oral health?. _Evid Based Dent_ 25, 67–68 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41432-024-00998-5 Download citation * Received: 11 March 2024 * Accepted: 12

March 2024 * Published: 20 March 2024 * Issue Date: June 2024 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41432-024-00998-5 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to

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