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ABSTRACT Recently discovered superconductors _A_V3Sb5 (_A_ = K, Rb, Cs)1,2 provide a fresh opportunity to study correlation-driven electronic phenomena on a kagome lattice. The observation

of an unusual charge density wave (CDW) in the normal state of all the members of the _A_V3Sb5 family2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 has prompted a large effort to identify any ‘hidden’ broken symmetries

associated with it. We use spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunnelling microscopy to reveal pronounced intensity anisotropy between the different directions of hexagonal CDW in KV3Sb5. In

particular, we find that one of the CDW directions is distinctly different compared with the other two. This observation points to an intrinsic rotation-symmetry-broken electronic ground

state where the symmetry is reduced from sixfold to twofold. Furthermore, in contrast to previous reports3, we find that the CDW phase is insensitive to the magnetic-field direction,

regardless of the presence or absence of atomic defects. Our experiments, combined with earlier observations of stripe charge ordering in CsV3Sb5, establish correlation-driven rotation

symmetry breaking as a unifying feature of _A_V3Sb5 kagome superconductors. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your

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PHASE OF _A_V3SB5 KAGOME SUPERCONDUCTORS Article 09 February 2023 ROTON PAIR DENSITY WAVE IN A STRONG-COUPLING KAGOME SUPERCONDUCTOR Article 29 September 2021 ELECTRONIC LANDSCAPE OF KAGOME

SUPERCONDUCTORS _A_V3SB5 (_A_ = K, RB, CS) FROM ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY Article Open access 10 November 2023 DATA AVAILABILITY Source data are provided with this paper. All

other data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. CODE AVAILABILITY The computer code

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Magnetic order in the pseudogap phase of high-_T_c superconductors. _Phys. Rev. Lett._ 96, 197001 (2006). Article  ADS  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank A.

Soumyanarayanan and J. E. Hoffman for providing the NbSe2 STM data used for analysis in Extended Data Fig. 4. We are also thankful to Rafael Fernandes for insightful conversations. I.Z.

gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation grant NSF-DMR-1654041 and Boston College startup. S.D.W., B.R.O. and T.P. acknowledge support from the University of

California Santa Barbara (UCSB) NSF Quantum Foundry funded via the Quantum Materials Science, Engineering and Information (Q-AMASE-i) program under award DMR-1906325. B.R.O. also

acknowledges support from the California NanoSystems Institute through the Elings Fellowship program. Z.W. acknowledges support from the US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, grant

no. DE-FG02-99ER45747 and the Cottrell SEED Award no. 27856 from the Research Corporation for Science Advancement. L.B. is supported by the NSF CMMT program under grant no. DMR-2116515.

M.Y. is supported in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through grant GBMF8690 to UCSB and by the National Science Foundation under grant no. NSF PHY-1748958. T.P. was supported

by the National Science Foundation through Enabling Quantum Leap: Convergent Accelerated Discovery Foundries for Q-AMASE-i under award no. DMR-1906325. AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes *

These authors contributed equally: Hong Li, He Zhao. AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA Hong Li, He Zhao, Ziqiang Wang & Ilija

Zeljkovic * Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Brenden R. Ortiz & Stephen D. Wilson * California Nanosystems Institute, University of

California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Brenden R. Ortiz & Stephen D. Wilson * Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Takamori

Park * Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Mengxing Ye & Leon Balents * Canadian Institute for Advanced Research,

Toronto, Canada Leon Balents Authors * Hong Li View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * He Zhao View author publications You can also search for

this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Brenden R. Ortiz View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Takamori Park View author publications You can

also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Mengxing Ye View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Leon Balents View author publications

You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ziqiang Wang View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Stephen D. Wilson View

author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ilija Zeljkovic View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

CONTRIBUTIONS STM experiments and data analysis were performed by H.L. and H.Z. B.R.O. synthesized and characterized the samples under the supervision of S.D.W. T.P., M.Y., L.B. and Z.W.

provided theoretical inputs on the underlying physics and data interpretation. H.L., H.Z., S.D.W., Z.W., L.B. and I.Z. wrote the paper, with input from all the authors. I.Z. supervised the

project. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Ilija Zeljkovic. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW INFORMATION

_Nature Physics_ thanks Donglai Feng and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature

remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. EXTENDED DATA EXTENDED DATA FIG. 1 STM TOPOGRAPHS OF THE K LAYER. (a) Large scale STM

topograph of 50 nm square region showing the half-K layer (K surface reconstruction where every other K atom is likely cleaved of) as bright regions, and the Sb layer as dark regions. (b)

STM topograph zoomed in on a half-K termination with twice the lattice constant of a full K layer (_a_ = 1.1 nm). STM setup condition: (a) _I__set_ = 10 pA, _V__sample_ = 1 V; (b) _I__set_ =

100 pA, _V__sample_ = 20 mV. Data was acquired on sample C with tip 5. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 2 STM IMAGING OF A CDW DOMAIN BOUNDARY. (a,b) STM topographs of a region encompassing a CDW domain

boundary taken at (a) 20 mV and (b) −10 mV. The white dashed line in (a,b) is a visual guide used to separate the two domains. A more obvious difference between the two domains can be seen

in (b). Insets in upper right and lower left corners of (a) represent average d_I_/d_V_ spectra over the corresponding domains. (c) Fourier transform (FT) of domain (I) and domain (II) in

(f). Atomic Bragg peaks and CDW peaks are denoted by black and blue symbols, respectively. (d,e) The FT amplitude dispersions of the 3 CDW peaks extracted from the (d) green and (e) red

squares in (b), demonstrating the change in the CDW symmetry axis from \(Q_{2a0}^c\) to \(Q_{2a0}^b\) across the domain wall. (f) Zoomed in image of topographs and d_I_/d_V_ maps in green

(upper row) and red (lower row) squares in (b). (g,h) Fourier-filtered STM topograph including only (g) \(Q_{2a0}^c\) or (h) \(Q_{2a0}^b\) Fourier peaks. STM setup conditions: (a) _I__set_ =

250 pA, _V__sample_ = 20 mV; (b) _I__set_ = 60 pA, _V__sample_ = −10 mV; (d,e) _I__set_ = 400 pA, _V__sample_ = 20 mV, _V__exc_ = 1 mV; (f) _I__set_ = 150 pA, _V__sample_ = −10 mV, _V__exc_

= 1 mV. Data was acquired on sample A using tip 2. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 3 ABSENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD INDUCED CDW REVERSAL AND VISUALIZING THE TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION OF THE CDW IN KV3SB5. (a-c)

STM topographs of the Sb termination taken at −3 T, 0 T and 3 T over an identical region with the same tip. (d) Average d_I_/d_V_ spectra acquired over (a-c), which appear indistinguishable

within the resolution of the dataset. (e-g) 2_a_0 CDW peak amplitude dispersion at the three magnetic fields for (e) \(Q_{2a0}^a\), (f) \(Q_{2a0}^b\), and (g) \(Q_{2a0}^c\). There is almost

no difference among data at different fields. (h-j) 2_a_0 CDW peak amplitude dispersion at 4.5 K, 20 K, and 25 K respectively over the same region of the sample, showing the dominant peak

\(Q_{2a0}^b\) getting weaker at higher temperature. (k) A Fourier transform of d_I_/d_V_ map acquired at 2 mV. The lower left corner of (k) is a zoomed-in high resolution d_I_/d_V_ map at 2

mV. Atomic Bragg peaks are marked by black dashed circles, while \(Q_{2a0}^a,\) \(Q_{2a0}^b,\) \(Q_{2a0}^c\) are denoted by red square, green circle and blue triangle, respectively. STM

setup conditions: (a-c) _I__set_ = 100 pA, _V__sample_ = 50 mV, (d-j) _I__set_ = 100 pA, _V__sample_ = 50 mV, _V__exc_ = 4 mV. Data was acquired on sample D using tip 6. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 4

ISOTROPIC CDW PEAK DISPERSION IN 2_H_- NBSE2. (a) STM topograph of the Se surface of 2_H_-NbSe2 with the well-known tri-directional 3_a__0_ CDW. (b) The Fourier transform (FT) of (a).

Atomic Bragg peaks are circled in black, while the three inequivalent 3_a__0_ CDW peaks are denoted by the blue circle, red square and green triangle. (c) CDW peak amplitude as a function of

energy (STM bias) for the three inequivalent directions. Each point is obtained by a two-dimensional Gaussian fit of the CDW peak in the FTs of d_I_/d_V_ maps. The CDW amplitude profiles

along the three directions closely resemble each other, consistent with the expected tri-directional nature of the CDW that does not break rotation symmetry of the lattice. (d) d_I_/d_V_

maps at −60 mV, 0 mV and 60 mV (from left to right) over the same region shown in (a). (e) FT of 0 mV d_I_/d_V_ map in (d). Black circles denote the atomic Bragg peaks, while the blue, red

and green symbols denote the three inequivalent CDW peaks. STM setup conditions: (a,c,d) _I__set_ = 300 pA, _V__sample_ = −60 mV, _V__exc_ = 3 mV. The data was acquired in the Hoffman lab at

Harvard University, and provided for analysis by Anjan Soumyanarayanan and Jenny Hoffman. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 5 REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS FROM THREE DIFFERENT SB

REGIONS OF A KV3SB5 SAMPLE. (a-c) From left to right: STM topographs as a function of magnetic field, Fourier transform (FT) of STM topograph at 0 T, and the amplitude dispersion of

different CDW peaks as a function of magnetic field. The three inequivalent 2_a_0 CDW peaks are enclosed in triangle, circle and square markers, respectively. As it can be seen, the

amplitude of different CDW peaks remains nearly identical with the application and the reversal of magnetic field. Magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the sample surface. STM setup

conditions: (a) _I__set_ = 400 pA, _V__sample_ = 20 mV; (b) _I__set_ = 150 pA, _V__sample_ = 40 mV; (c) _I__set_ = 150 pA, _V__sample_ = 10 mV; (d) _I__set_ = 100 pA, _V__sample_ = 50mV.

Data was acquired on sample A, using (a) tip 4 and (b,c) tip 3. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 6 MAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF COUSIN COMPOUND CSV3SB5. (a-c) STM topograph of a 70 nm square Sb surface

of CsV3Sb5 in a magnetic field of 4 T, 0 T and −4 T, respectively. Magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the sample surface. (d) The Fourier transform of STM topograph in (b). The

unidirectional 4_a_0 charge ordering peak, 2_a_0 peaks and atomic Bragg peaks are marked by orange, blue and green markers, respectively. (e) Fourier transform peak amplitudes of different

wave vectors. We can observe that none of the charge ordering peak intensities significantly change. (f) The amplitude of the 4_a_0 CDW peak as a function of bias extracted from a DOS map

acquired over the Sb surface of the CsV3Sb5 sample. The 3 different colors in (f) denote data acquired in different magnetic fields. STM setup conditions: (a-c) _I__set_ = 110 pA,

_V__sample_= −40 mV. (f) _I__set_ = 80 pA, _V__sample_ = 20 mV, _V__exc_ = 1 mV. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 7 AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A SMALL TIP CHANGE CAN STRONGLY INFLUENCE CDW AMPLITUDES. (a,b) STM

topographs of the Sb termination at (a) −5 T and (b) +5 T magnetic field applied along the _c_-axis. An obvious tip change occurred while scanning at −5 T. After the image in (a) was

acquired, the tip was withdrawn, the magnetic field was changed to +5 T, and then the topograph in (b) over the same region of the sample was taken. We refer to the tip before the tip change

as tip 0, and the one after the tip change as tip 1. The green and red squares denote the same areas in the two topographs. Red square (region A) is scanned at different field with the same

tip (tip 1), while the green square (region B) is scanned with slightly different tips (tip 0 at −5 T and tip 1 at +5 T). (c,d) The plot of CDW peak amplitudes in Fourier transforms of ±5 T

topographs for regions A and B, respectively. From plot (c), the relative amplitude between the 3 CDW peaks is: \(Q_{2a0}^c\) > \(Q_{2a0}^a\) = \(Q_{2a0}^b\) for both +5 T and −5 T. In

contrast, the relation between peaks changes dramatically in plot (d), where \(Q_{2a0}^c\) > \(Q_{2a0}^b\) > \(Q_{2a0}^a\) at −5 T and \(Q_{2a0}^c\) > \(Q_{2a0}^a\) >

\(Q_{2a0}^b\) at +5 T. From this, it appears as if there is field-dependent CDW rotation. However, this is purely an artifact of a tiny tip change, since it did not happen in the red region

above, where two topographs are taken with the same tip. We emphasize that the tip change is tiny and difficult to discern by comparing topographs by eye (we identified it by the abrupt

height change denoted by purple arrow in (a)). As such, extreme caution should be taken when interpreting relative amplitudes between different data sets. STM setup conditions: (a,b)

_I__set_ = 400 pA, _V__sample_ = 40 mV. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 8 REPRESENTATIVE RAW DATA (WITHOUT DRIFT CORRECTION). (a-e) d_I_/d_V_ maps of Sb termination without drift correction taken at

different bias used in Fig. 2, and (f-j) corresponding Fourier transforms (FTs). (k-o) Raw d_I_/d_V_ maps that are used in Fig. 3, and (p-t) corresponding FTs without drift correction. STM

setup conditions: (a-e) _I__set_ = 600 pA, 400 pA, 200 pA, 200 pA and 400 pA respectively, with _V__sample_= −300 mV, −200 mV, −100 mV, 100 mV, 200 mV (in the same order); (k-o) _I__set_ =

150 pA, _V__sample_ = 10 mV, _V__exc_ = 1 mV. Data was acquired on sample A using (a-j) tip 2 and (k-t) tip 3. EXTENDED DATA FIG. 9 ADDITIONAL RAW DATA (WITHOUT DRIFT CORRECTION). (a-c)

Topographs used in Fig. 4, and (d-f) corresponding Fourier transforms without drift-correction. STM setup conditions: (a-c) _I__set_ = 100 pA, _V__sample_ = 50 mV. Data was acquired on

sample B using tip 4. SOURCE DATA SOURCE DATA FIG. 1 Scatter plot in Fig. 1e. SOURCE DATA FIG. 3 Scatter plots in Fig. 3c,e. SOURCE DATA FIG. 4 Scatter plots in Fig. 4d,e. RIGHTS AND

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